Cancer 1: Cellular pathology of cancer Flashcards
(51 cards)
Define metaplasia
A reversible change in which one adult cell type (usually epithelial)is replaced by another adult cell type
When does metaplasia occur
Adaptive
Give examples of metaplasia
..
Define dysplasia
an abnormal pattern of growth in which some of the cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present
pre-invasive stage with intact basement membrane
Is dyplasia invasive?
pre-invasive stage with intact basement membrane
Outline the cellular features of dysplasia
loss of architectural orientation
loss in uniformity of individual cells
nuclei: hyperchromatic (dark), enlarged (increased nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio)
mitotic figures: abundant, abnormal, in places where not usually found
What are mitotic figures?
….
Examples of dysplasia:
Cervix, bronchus, colon, larynx, stomach and eosophagus
CERVIX - HPV infection BRONCHUS - Smoking COLON - Ulcerative Colitis LARYNX - Smoking STOMACH -Pernicious anaemia (inflammatory process) OESOPHAGUS- Acid reflux
Outline physiological metaplasia
example of physiologic metaplasia is the squamous metaplasia that occurs in the uterine cervix during the menstrual cycle as the squamocolumnar junction migrates across the transformation zone
Outline the cell type change in barrets oesophagus
squamous cell –> columnar in response to pH change
How can smoking cuase squamous cell carncinoma in the lung
metaplasia (columnar–> squamous) due to smoking –> dysplastic
What are the two types of dysplastic
Low grade (low risk of progression, likely to be easily removed)
High grade
Look at which is darker/higher nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio
Define NEOPLASIA, TUMOUR, MALIGNANCY
An abnormal, autonomous proliferation of cells unresponsive to normal growth control mechanisms
Differeniate benign and malignant tumours
do not invade do not metastasise
encapsulated
usually well differentiated
slowly growing
normal mitoses
T/f benign tumours inade locally but not metastatically
F…. do not invade local tissue
What does well differentiated tissue mean
Looks like the tissue it comes from, (i.e. looks like a colon cell) and not looking dysplastic
SO A TUMOUR can be BENIGN (well differentiated… I,e, just a neoplasm with too much growth, but not abnormal growth) or MELIGNANT (too much growth and abnormal growth)
When could a benign tumour be fatal
In a dangerous place: meninges, pituitary
Secretes something dangerous: insulinoma (tumour of beta cell of oancreas)
Gets infected: bladder
Bleeds: stomach
Ruptures: liver adenoma
Torts (twisted): ovarian cyst
LIST RobBeth
Outline a malignant tumour
- invade surrounding tissues
- spread to distant sites
- no capsule
- well to poorly differentiated
- rapidly growing
- abnormal mitoses
Define metastasis
A metastasis is a discontinuous growing colony of tumour cells, at some distance from the primary cancer
How does a tumour metastasise
These depend on the lymphatic and vascular drainage of the primary site
Which type of tissue drainage has the worst prognosis
Lymph node involvement has a worse prognosis
Where do the testicular lymph nodes drain
To the aortic lymph nodes
What is dukes A and dukes C
dukes A= only in gut wall
dukes C= spread to lymph nodes
State the two types of benign epithelial tumours
Of surface epithelium
= PAPILLOMA
Of glandular epithelium = ADENOMA
