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Year 2 Collin > Cancer 1 - Cellular Pathology of Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer 1 - Cellular Pathology of Cancer Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Define metaplasia

A
  1. Reversible change

2. When one adult cell type (usually epithelial) is replaced by another cell type

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2
Q

Give examples of pathological metaplasia and physiological metaplasia

A

Pathological = Barrett’s oesophagus. Gastro-oesophageal reflux causes oesophageal epithelium to change from (stratified) squamous to (simple) columnar

Physiological = Acidic uterine fluids in the endocervical canal cause the columnar epithelium to become squamous. Cell type reverses to normal when cervix closes up again

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3
Q

Is metaplasia adaptive?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Contrast gastric and intestinal metaplasia

A

Gastric - stratified squamous to simple columnar

Intestinal - goblet cells appear

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5
Q

Define dysplasia

A
  1. Abnormal pattern of growth

2. Where some cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present

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6
Q

What is the key feature of dysplasia?

A

INTACT BASEMENT MEMBRANE

Dysplasia is not cancer - preinvasive stage

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7
Q

List 4 features of cancer

A
  1. Increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
  2. Large nuclei
  3. Abnormal mitoses
  4. Increased mitoses
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8
Q

What can dysplasia be used for?

A

Screening for cancer

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9
Q

Which 2 things is there a loss of in dysplasia?

A
  1. Loss of architectural orientation

2. Loss of uniformity of individual cells

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10
Q

2 words to describe nuclei that are dysplasic

A

Hyperchromatic and enlarged

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11
Q

List 6 places where dysplasia is common in, and what can cause them

A 
Cervix - HPV infection
Bronchus - smoking
Colon - Ulcerative colitis
Larynx - smoking
Stomach - pernicious anaemia
Oesophagus - acid reflux
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12
Q

What is the difference between low grade and high grade dysplasia?

A

Low grade = low risk of progression to cancer

High grade = high risk of progression to cancer

More severe changes in high grade

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13
Q

Which grade dysplasia has larger nuclei and a higher nuclear:cytoplasic ratio?

A

High grade dysplasia

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14
Q

What is a neoplasia

A

Any new (benign or malignant) growth

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15
Q

What is a tumour

A

Swelling (nasal polyps = tumours)

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16
Q

What is a malignancy

A
  1. Abnormal
  2. Autonomous cell proliferation
  3. Unresponsive to normal growth control mechanisms
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17
Q

What is the main diagnostic point of benign tumours?

A

They DO NOT METASTASISE OR INVADE

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18
Q

What are 4 features of benign tumours

A
  1. Encapsulated
  2. Normal mitoses
  3. Well differentiated
  4. Slowly growing
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19
Q

Name 6 situations when benign tumours may be fatal

A
  1. Are in a dangerous location
  2. Secrete something dangerous
  3. Gets infected
  4. Bleeds
  5. Ruptures
  6. Torts
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20
Q

What is the main definitive feature of a malignant tumour?

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A

It invades surrounding tissues and spreads to different sites

21
Q

Give 4 features of a malignant tumour

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A
  1. Not encapsulated
  2. Abnormal mitoses
  3. Well to poorly differentiated
  4. Rapidly growing
22
Q

What is a metastasis

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A

Discontinuous growing colony of tumour cells, at some distance form the primary cancer

23
Q

What does the sites of metastasis depend on?

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A

Lymphatic and vascular drainage at the primary site

Lymph node involvement = worse prognosis (e.g. colon cancer w/ Dukes staging)

24
Q

Differentiate Dukes A and Dukes C in colon cancer

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A

Dukes A = colon cancer confined to bowel wall - 90% survival

Dukes C = colon cancer spread via lymph node - 30% survival

25
What are the different types of tumours (7)
1. Benign epithelial tumours 2. Carcinoma 3. Benign soft tissue tumours 4. Sarcoma 5. Leukaemia/lymphoma 6. Teratoma 7. Hamartoma
26
What are the 2 types of benign epithelial tumour?
Benign epithelial tumour on: 1. Surface epithelium = PAPILLOMA (e.g. skin, bladder) 2. Glandular epithelium = ADENOMA (e.g. stomach, thyroid, colon, kidney, pituitary, pancreas)
27
What is a carcinoma
Malignant epithelial tumour
28
Tumours are classified based on the tissues they come from. List the types of carcinoma
1. Squamous cell carcinoma 2. Adenocarcinoma 3. Transitional cell carcinoma (transitional epithelium in the bladder) 4. Basal cell carcinoma (Adenomas can become malignant and carcinomas)
29
Give examples of benign soft tissue tumours
1. Osteoma - bone 2. Lipoma - fat 3. Leiomyoma - SM
30
Define sarcoma
Malignant tumour derived from connective tissue (mesenchymal cells)
31
What are the types of sarcoma
1. Fat - liposarcoma 2. Bone - osteosarcoma 3. Cartilage - chondrosarcoma 4. Striated muscle (SkM) - rhabdomyosarcoma 5. SM - leiomyosarcoma 6. Nerve sheath - Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour
32
Leukaemias and lymphomas are both tumours of what?
WBC. It is possible to get both a lymphoma and leukaemia mix
33
What is a leukaemia
Malignant tumour of bone marrow derived-cells that circulate in blood
34
What is a lymphoma
Malignant tumour of lymphocytes in lymph nodes
35
What is a teratoma
1. Tumour derived from germ cells | 2. Potential to develop into tumours of all 3 germ cell layers
36
What are the 3 germ cell layers
1. Ectoderm 2. Mesoderm 3. Endoderm
37
Distinguish gonadal teratomas in males and females
Male gonadal teratomas = usually malignant Female gonadal teratomas = mostly benign
38
Define hamartoma
Localised overgrowth of cells and tissues NATIVE TO THE ORGAN i.e. appropriate tissues for that organ/part of body but architectural arrangement is inappropriate
39
Hamartomas are common in?
Children
40
Give an example of a hamartoma
Bile duct in the liver- should only be 1, but sometimes there can be loads of misshapen bile ducts
41
2 ways in which tumours are differentiated
1. Graded (how well differentiated) | 2. Staged (how far they've spread)
42
Which tumour differentiation technique is more important
Staging
43
High grade tumours usually have a ______ stage?
HIGH
44
How to determine if a tumour is primary or secondary?
Inspect tumour histologically - see if evidence of normal function still present
45
What is the grading system for breast cancer?
Nottingham scoring system
46
What is the grading system for prostate cancer?
Gleason classification
47
What is meant by anaplastic?
Tumours with little/no differentiation
48
What does staging describe?
How far tumour has spread
49
What does grading describe?
Degree of differentiation

Year 2 Collin (114 decks)

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