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Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

This kind of cancer involves the proliferation of white blood cells:

A

Leukemia

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2
Q

The second most prominent blood cancer is:

A

Leukemia

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3
Q

This blood cancer is thought of as a childhood disease, BUT number of adults affected is actually 9 times greater than in children:

A

Leukemia

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4
Q

Leukemia is the accumulation of:

A

dysfunctional cells due to loss of regulation in cell division

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5
Q

This cancer is fatal if left untreated:

A

Leukemia

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6
Q

fever, fatigue, weight loss, bone pain, bruising, and/or bleeding are all manifestation of:

A

Leukemia

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7
Q

Acute Leukemia is the proliferation of

A

immature hematopoietic cells

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8
Q

In acute leukemia, abnormal cells develop quickly and leave the bone marrow as dysfunctional cells called:

A

“blasts.”

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9
Q

In acute leukemia, a rapid onset of symptoms is caused by:

A

blasts crowding the healthy cells of the bone marrow

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10
Q

Blasts usually make up what % of marrow cells?

A

1-5%

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11
Q

What % of blast cells in the bone marrow is required for an acute leukemia diagnosis?

A

more than 20%

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12
Q

Chronic leukemia is the proliferation of:

A

mature forms of WBC and onset is more gradual

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13
Q

Chronic leukemia develops:

A

slowly and may take years to develop symptoms

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14
Q

In chronic leukemia, cells are composed primarily of:

A

more mature and functional cells

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15
Q

Myeloid leukemia cells include:

A

monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes.

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16
Q

Lymphoid leukemia cells include:

A

T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.

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17
Q

ionizing radiation, Benzene, previous exposure to chemotherapy, viral infections (e.g. human T-cell leukemia virus, Epstein Barr virus), and several genetic syndrome (e.g. down syndrome) are all causes of?

A

Leukemia

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18
Q

On rare occasions, leukemia can be diagnosed alone using:

A

histology

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19
Q

AML is characterized by the presence of

A

Auer rods on a peripheral smear

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20
Q

Auer Rods are:

A

red staining, needle-like bodies seen in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts

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21
Q

Labs used to diagnose leukemia:

A
  • Leukopenia or elevated abnormal WBC
  • Low RBCs
  • Thrombocytopenia or increased platelet count
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22
Q

Diagnostic procedures for leukemia:

A
  • Bone marrow aspiration biopsy (most definitive diagnostic)

* CXR

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23
Q

Some types of this cancer are not curable, but remission and control is feasible

A

leukemia

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24
Q

Induction therapy is an attempt to

A

clear the blood and bone marrow of immature blood cells (called blast cells, or blasts) and bring about a complete remission, or complete response

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25
After induction therapy, the patient is rendered:
completely neutropenic
26
How long does induction therapy take?
several weeks
27
consolidation means cancer is:
cancer is in remission, treatment continues to catch any stray cell
28
consolidation may include:
radiation therapy, a stem cell transplant (a complication can be graft vs. host disease, can be deadly), or treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells
29
consolidation therapy may also be called:
intensification therapy and remission therapy.
30
Maintenance therapy is:
last stage, lower dosages, continued checking, lasts several years, CNS central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis. No cancer is there yet
31
This kind of cancer is characterized by neoplasms of lymphoid tissue, and usually derived from B lymphocyte:
Lymphoma
32
Lymphoma begins in the
lymphocytes
33
Lymphoma can involve lymphoid tissue in the:
spleen, GI tract (e.g., the wall of the stomach), liver, or bone marrow
34
the specific lymphocyte each type involves is the main difference between:
Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
35
This kind of lymphoma has POSITIVE Reed-Sternberg cells:
Hodgkin's
36
This kind of lymphoma has NEGATIVE Reed-Sternberg cells:
Non-Hodgkin's
37
This cancer makes up 4% of cancers in the US:
Lymphoma
38
this variation of lymphoma is unpredictable and rare:
non-Hodgkin's
39
painless lymph node enlargement, hepatomegaly, neurologic symptoms w/CNS, B symptoms, and symptoms of mass involvement are symptoms of which variation of lymphoma:
Non-Hodgkins
40
Procedures used to diagnose non-Hodgkin's lymphoma:
MRI, LP, bone marrow biopsy
41
treatments for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma:
interferon, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and HSCT
42
This kind of lymphoma increases with age, with average age being 66 years:
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
43
Risks for developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma:
Increased in autoimmune disorders , prior treatment for cancer, organ transplant, viral infections, exposure to pesticides
44
Severe complications of non-hodgkin's lymphoma include:
Febrile neutropenia Hyperuricemia and tumor lysis syndrome Spinal cord or brain compression Focal compression depending on the location and type of NHL - airway obstruction (mediastinal lymphoma), intestinal obstruction and intussusception, ureteral obstruction * Superior or inferior vena cava obstruction * Hyperleukocytosis * Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma can cause hypercalcemia. * Pericardial tamponade * Hepatic dysfunction * DVT
45
painless enlargement of cervical, axillary, or inguinal lymph nodes are manifestations of which variation of lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma
46
Symptom's of Hodgkin's lymphoma include:
pruritus, B symptoms: fever, sweats, weight loss
47
procedures used to diagnose Hodgkin's lymphoma includ
CBC, bone marrow, lymph node biopsy, CT, Reed-Sternberg Cells
48
What is a Reed-Sternberg cell?
* a gigantic tumor cell that is unique and thought to be of immature lymphoid origin * Pathologic hallmark
49
Treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma:
Chemotherapy, radiation, HSCT for advanced cases (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation)
50
Malignant disease of the most mature form of B lymphocyte—the plasma cell:
Myeloma
51
The etiology of this cancer is unknown
Myeloma
52
This cancer has no cure
Myeloma
53
Myeloma has a _ year survival rate:
5
54
Clinical manifestations of myeloma include:
Fatigue and weakness due to anemia • Easy bruising or bleeding • Paleness • Tingling or numbness in the fingers or toes • Frequent infections and poor healing from infection • Bone pain, usually in the back and ribs • Broken bones, often in the spine • Feeling very thirsty • Weight loss • Nausea or constipation • Frequent urination, or no urination at all over a longer period of time
55
Treatment may include: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HCST) Chemotherapy and radiation Corticosteroid Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) Thalidomide analogs Monoclonal antibody for this cancer:
Myeloma
56
Acronym for hallmark signs of multiple myeloma:
``` CRAB C: calcium R: renal A: anemia B: bone ```
57
CRAB: Calcium
claim levels in blood are high • Myeloma breaks down bone, causing •releases calcium into the bloodstream causing hypercalcemia. •Hypercalcemia = thirst, no appetite, nausea, constipation, confusion
58
CRAB: Renal
Myeloma cells produce very high levels of abnormal protein •Damages kidneys •made worse by hypercalcemia
59
CRAB: Anemia
Myeloma cells invade normal bone marrow •Disrupt the manufacture of red blood cells •This causes anemia which decreases oxygen supply to tissues •Weakness, fatigue, SOB, rapid heartbeat, forgetful.
60
CRAB: Bone
myeloma cells attack bones •Causes holes and softening •Bone pain, fractures or spinal cord compression (leads to numbness or even paralysis in extremities)
61
Major complications of multiple myeloma:
Renal dysfunction Tumor lysis syndrome Infection Bleeding/DIC
62
What occurs with DIC:
the proteins that control blood clotting become overactive, leading to both thrombosis and hemorrhage
63
What is tumor lysis syndrome?
tumor cells die quickly, and intracellular contents are dumped into the bloodstream overwhelming the kidneys
64
Tumor-lysis syndrome causes:
dangerously high serum levels of potassium, phosphorus, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen
65
Causes of neutropenia:
decrease production of neutrophils and increased destruction of neutrophils
66
Whats causes decreased production of neutrophils?
``` ◦Aplastic anemia, due to medications or toxins ◦Chemotherapy ◦Metastatic cancer, lymphoma, leukemia ◦Myelodysplastic syndromes ◦Radiation therapy ```
67
What causes increased destruction of neutrophils?
``` ◦Bacterial infections ◦Hypersplenism ◦Immunologic disorders ◦Medication induced ◦Viral disease ```
68
Nursing diagnosis/problems to look for with cancer patients:
* Risk for infection and/or bleeding * Impaired oral mucous membrane * Imbalanced nutrition and fluid volume * Acute pain * Fatigue and activity intolerance * Risk for imbalanced fluid volume * Self-care deficits due to fatigue * Anxiety * Risk for spiritual distress and knowledge deficit
69
Ways to prevent infection in leukemia patients:
private room/isolation strict handwashing strict aseptic technique for all dressing changes no flowers observe for any signs of infection maintain appropriate signage PPE for neutropenic patient visitors/staff (gloves, gown) No fresh or raw food/veggies/fruits (risk of bacteria from food infecting patient due to neutropenia)
70
Philadelphia chromosome forms when:
chromosomes 9 and chromosome 22 break and exchange portions
71
90% of Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients have
Philadelphia chromosome
72
an abnormally small chromosome 22 and a new combination DNA instruction occurs in the:
Philadelphia chromosome
73
hypercalcemia is caused by
multiple myeloma
74
hypercalcemia makes patients experience
extreme thirst
75
monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulatory drugs, and thalidomide drugs are
new drugs being used for multiple myeloma

Med Surg (5 decks)

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