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Year 2 - Cancer > cancer 11 > Flashcards

Flashcards in cancer 11 Deck (21)
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1
Q

what are the leading causes of death in the world?

A
  • Ischaemic heart disease and stroke lend to the highest global causes of death
  • not cancer
2
Q

how have CVS death numbers changed?

how have cancer death numbers changed?

A
  • Death rates from CVS disease have dropped over the years
  • Death rates from cancer have remained stable/increased-slightly over the years.
3
Q

compare cancer in developed and undeveloped countries?

A

Developed countries have a greater incidence of cancer than undeveloped countries.

4
Q

most common male cancers?

A
  • prostate and lung cancers are the most common cancers
5
Q

most common female cancers?

A
  • breast and cervical cancers are the most common cancers
6
Q

why might cancer incidence show geographical variation?

A
  • Melanoma is most common in Australia and stomach cancer is most common in Japan.
  • Australia might have high melanomas due to exposure to the sunlight and Australian people often have fair skin as they were originally from the UK
  • Japan has high rates of stomach cancer due to infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria as well as a diet factor
7
Q

why has colorectal cancer increased in japan?

A
  • there has been a shift in diet from fish and vegetables to red meat
  • this is reflected in an increase in colorectal cancer in japan
8
Q

why are migrant studies useful to look at cancer incidence in different countries?

A
  • it is useful to look at migrants and see if their risk for developing cancer changes when they move to a new country eg. when the Japanese moved to Hawaii their risk for stomach cancer decreased down to American levels
  • genetic susceptibility is important
  • the environment also makes a difference
9
Q

how is the incidence of cancer changing in the world?

A
  • increasing in both low and high-income countries
  • increase in high-income countries may be due to the introduction of screening programs
  • increase in low income countries may be due to increasing ageing
10
Q

how is mortality changing in high and low income countries?

A
  • Mortality is decreasing in high-income countries but NOT low-income
  • mortality is decreasing in high income countries due to better treatment and earlier diagnosis
11
Q

what percentage of cancer is genetic?

A
  • 5-10% , very few
12
Q

give examples of when a hereditary condition predisposes to cancer :

A
13
Q

what are the common risk factors of cancer?

A
  • Smoking
  • diet
  • infection
  • reproductive hormone
  • alcohol
  • occupation

ranked highest risk to lowest risk

14
Q

what percentage of cancers are preventable?

A

45% (men) and 40% (women) of cancers could have been prevented by reducing risk from environmental factors

15
Q

how much does smoking increase the risk of cancer?

A
  • smoking contributes towards 30% of cancer death
  • increases risk for >15 cancers
  • 90% (men) and 80% (women) of lung cancer causes.
16
Q

how does diet increase the risk of cancer?

A
  • colorectal cancer chance increased with low fibrous diet.
  • red processed meat increases risk of colorectal cancer
17
Q

how does alcohol increase the risk of cancer?

A
  • synergistic with alcohol intake
  • the mechanism is poorly understood
  • it is associated with liver, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and oesophageal cancer
18
Q

what are the recommendations for dietary prevention of cancer?

A
  • Be lean without being underweight.
  • Be physically active for at least 30 minutes a day.
  • Avoid sugary drinks.
  • Eat a variety of fruit/veg.
  • Limit consumption of red meat (<500g/week) and avoid processed meat.
  • Limit alcoholic drinks.
  • Limit consumption of salty foods.
19
Q

what might increase the risk of breast cancer?

A
  • Sex steroids can increase cancer risk.
20
Q

what percentage of cancer is caused by infectious causes?

A

16% of cancer is from an infectious cause (25% in Africa and <10% in EU).

for example :

  • HPV (cervix cancer)
  • EBV (Hodgkin’s/Burkett’s Lymphoma)
  • HCV/HBV (liver cancer)
  • H. pylori (stomach cancer).
21
Q

read through the ibook key points:

A