cancer

Question 1

rf testicular cancer

Answer 1

Age <45
Caucasian
Previous testicular cancer
Cryptorchidism
HIV (seminomos)
downs - crypto is more common as well as acquired undescended

Question 2

synchronous and metochronous

Answer 2

(synchronous – both testes at same time or metachronous – operated before on left testes and then occurs in right)

Question 3

classifcation of testicular

Answer 3

GERM CELL OR NON GERM

GERM
-seminoma
-non seminoma (teratomas, yolk, choriocarcinoma )

Question 4

testicular markers

Answer 4

hcg
AFP
Ldh-non specific but indicates metastisis

other book says SP1?

Question 5

whcih marker is yolk sac

Answer 5

AFP

Question 6

which marker is choriocarcinoma

Answer 6

hcg

Question 7

ln to look out for in testicular

Answer 7

retroperitoneal
-paracaval
-precaval
-retrocaval
-preaortic
-interaorthocaval

fist ln to drain is the paraoartic ln

Question 8

metatsits of testicular cancer

Answer 8

m 1 a - above diaphragm or in lung

m1 b - liver bone brain

Question 9

t1 testicular

Answer 9

confined in testes and epididymis no invasion yet inot lymphatics /venous system

Question 10

t3 testicular

Answer 10

spermatic cord

Question 11

which other lN can be affected in testicular

Answer 11

pelvic and inguinal are affected secodnarlity to retroperitoneal

Question 12

which cancer is radiosensitive

Answer 12

seminomas

Question 13

which testicular cancers have good prognosis

Answer 13

seminomas

Question 13

which testicular cancers have good prognosis

Answer 13

seminomas

Question 14

complications of radical orchiectomy

Answer 14

Post-op haematoma and reduced fertility.( sperm banking before hand )

Question 15

2 most common testicular tumours

Answer 15

seminoma and teratoma

Question 15

2 most common testicular tumours

Answer 15

seminoma and teratoma

Question 16

1st line diagnostic in TESTICULAR

Answer 16

ultrasound

• can tell you the nature (is it cystic or malignant )

Question 16

1st line diagnostic in TESTICULAR

Answer 16

ultrasound

• can tell you the nature (is it cystic or malignant )

Question 17

what marker could a teratoma have

Answer 17

raised alfa feto protein but less common than yolk sac

Question 18

transtional carcinomam rf

Answer 18

smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, arsenic, personal history of cancer in the urinary tract, and aristolochic acids.

if you already hav e bladder cancer

Question 19

sympotms of transitionla

Answer 19

heamturia

Question 20

sympotms of transitionla

Answer 20

heamturia
back pain
dysuriaa- freuqne or urgent urination

Question 21

risk for bladder cancer

Answer 21

chronic irrtatin
chronic infection
arsenic in well water
occupational - amines
not voiding bladder for long times

PSAC
-phenylalanine
- smoking
- analine
-cyclophosphamide

Question 22

GREATEST RF FOR RCC

Answer 22

SMOKING

Question 23

HOW would you diagnose a varicolcels

Answer 23

scrotal ultrasound will show enlargement of veins

Question 24

most common histological type of bladder cancer

Answer 24

transitional/urothelial

Question 25

types of bladder cancer

Answer 25

urothelial adenocarcinoma sqaumous small cell bladder cancer

Question 26

Risk factors for Squamous cell carcinoma bladder

Answer 26

Schistosomiasis infection Long term catheterisation (10+ years)

Question 27

tx for advanced RCC

Answer 27

as you know chemo and radio therapy reistance - monoclonal antibodies (immunotherapy) -immune checkpoint inhibirots (immunotherpay also)

Question 28

radical neprhectomy vs simple how can we do this porecdure

Answer 28

radical : whole kidney, ln, surrounding tissue simples: just kindey open or laproscopic is increasingly being used

Question 29

t4 testicular

Answer 29

infiltrates the scrotum

Question 30

most common place for testicular cnacer to spread too

Answer 30

the lung and lymph nodes of chest

Question 31

m1a tetsicular cancer

Answer 31

spread to the lung or non regional lN

Question 32

m1b testiucalr cancer

Answer 32

it spreads to the other organs like brain, liver bone

Question 33

how do we asses tumour markers in testicular cancer

Answer 33

before and after surgery, if it increases more than 5 days pst op sign of metastasis

Question 34

what other part of the body must you always check in testicular cancer

Answer 34

breasts as some can cause gynecomastia

Question 35

most common side for Testicular

Answer 35

RHS (as cryptochordims happens on this side more frequently

Question 36

whats important about orchiectomy for TT

Answer 36

iNGUINAL INCISION NOT SCROTAL !!!!

Question 37

SPREAD OF TT

Answer 37

The main mode of spread of TT is lymphogenic route, except choriocarcinoma which is hematogenous.

Question 38

types of penile cancer

Answer 38

most common isi squamous

Question 39

penile cancer spread

Answer 39

inguinal , superficial and deep

Question 40

spread of penile cancer

Answer 40

lymph like testicular

Question 41

whats important to rememeber in penile cancer

Answer 41

always do INGUINAL LN

Question 41

whats important to rememeber in penile cancer

Answer 41

always do INGUINAL LN

Question 42

WHAT Happens in penile cancer if the inguinal ln are negative

Answer 42

you still dissect the inguinal , and you watch and wait to see if it spreads to the other lN ( you dont have to perform imaging

Question 43

what lymph nodes does penile cnacer spread too in order

Answer 43

inguinal and pelvic

Question 44

benign tumours of penis

Answer 44

condyloma acuminita - most common pearly penile papules - just a cosmtetic issue lichen scleroosis et atrophicus bowen disease cutaneous horn

Question 45

surgery for penile cancer non invaisve

Answer 45

if non invasive -below T2 - penile conserving surgery just do either circumcission if just on prepuce or do circumsion and wide local excison of the area e.g glans

Question 46

invasive penile cancer tx

Answer 46

above t2 partial or toral penile amputation with or without immasculinisation (remove testes). total- whole penis gone urethra needs to be reconstructed to the perineum as now you have no penis

Question 46

invasive penile cancer tx

Answer 46

above t2 partial or toral penile amputation with or without immasculinisation (remove testes). total- whole penis gone urethra needs to be reconstructed to the perineum as now you have no penis

Question 47

bowenn disease

Answer 47

scc in situ - grows very slwoly which is good

Question 48

neprhorblastoma orgin and wilms

Answer 48

mesoderm

Question 49

heritdary RCC

Answer 49

Hereditary RCC show a tendency to be multiple and bilateral location, present at earlier age of onset, bad prognosis

Question 50

SYNROMES FOR KIDNEY CANCER

Answer 50

vhl BIRT HOGG DUBE SYNDROME

Question 51

which renal tumour is assoc with hypertension

Answer 51

oncocytoma