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Metabolic test 2 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

Nutritional impact of cancer

A

Weight loss

Anorexia

Alteration in metabolism

LBM wasting

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2
Q

Cancer definition

A

Uncontrolled cell division and these cell can invade other tissues in the body

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3
Q

Invasion

A

Tumor increase in size and spread to other part of body

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4
Q

Metastasis

A

Cancer cells break off and travel to a specific site

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5
Q

Example of metastasis

A

Breast cancer metastasizes to the lungs and brain

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6
Q

Etology of cancer

A

Exposure of carcinogens

Genetics

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7
Q

What can damage genes ?

A
  • Exposure to chemicals
  • Physical agents (ionizing radiation, uv radiation, asbestos)
  • Viral agents( epstein-Barr virus, HPV)
  • Bacterial agents (H. pylori)
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8
Q

Nutrigenomic

A

Study of gene variations of how different phynotype response to diet in human

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9
Q

Types of prevention and screening

A

Primary: specific factors are identified as part of cancer process (stop smoking)

Secondary: early detection (ACS 5 years prevention guildlines )

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10
Q

Warning signs of cancer

A

Change in bowel habit

Sores don’t heal

Leukoplakia ( white patches inside of mouth and tongue)

Usually bleeding or discharge

Lumps in part of body

Change in mole

Hoarse cough

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11
Q

Classification of cancer cells

A

Cycling: divide continuously ( epithelial)
Non-dividing: divide before specialized ( nerve)
Resting: remain dormant unless special circumstances

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12
Q

2 basic genes for cellular growth

A

Oncogenes: stimulate growth
Suppressors: stops growth

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13
Q

Pathophysiology of cancer

A

Cancer cell:

Reproduces at an
uncontrolled rate

                             Becomes autonomous

May secrete it’s own
growth factor

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14
Q

3 steps of normal cell growth to cancer cell

A

Initiation : normal cell is exposed to the appro amount to carcinogens- genetic mutation
Promotion: pre-neoplastic lesion
Progression: lesion developed into tumor

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15
Q

Diagnosis of cancer

A

Biochemical: markers, PSA ( prostate), CEA carcinoembryonic antigen (colon),( cervical)
Blood: blood count, size
Imaging: x-ray, CAT scan
Cytologic: biopsy of the tumor or liquid around it

Use them all together

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16
Q

Clinical manifestation of cancer

A
  • *Pain**: the tumor pushes on other organs
  • *Infection**: reduce immune function from the tumor or the treatments
  • *Anemia**: poor intake, tumor in blood
  • *Fatigue**: emotionally and physically tired
  • *Malnutrition**: from the cancer or the treatment
  • *Cachexia**: extreme malnourished , most common cause of death, losing muscle mass, early satiety
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17
Q

Carcinoma

A

Epithelial tissue

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18
Q

Sarcoma

Study These Flashcards
A

Connective tissue

19
Q

Glioma

Study These Flashcards
A

Glial cells of CNS

20
Q

Surgery treatment of cancer

Study These Flashcards
A
  • *Primary**
  • *Adjuvant**: chemo to shrink then surgery remove
  • *Combination**: remove tumor then chemo or radiation
  • *Salvage**: extensive to treat reoccurring
  • *Palliative**: relieve symptoms, can’t cure anymore
21
Q

Risk factors of esophageal cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

Smoking, alcohol consumption, Barrett’s Esophagus, diet low in fiber and vegetables

22
Q

Side effects of esophageal cancer surgery

Study These Flashcards
A

Dysgeusia: altered taste
Xerostoma: dry mouth
Barretts: food comes back up, acidic that causes esophagus => esophageal cancer

23
Q

Side effect of gastric cancer surgery

Study These Flashcards
A

Results of gastrectomy: dumping syndrome, delayed gastric emptying, early satiety,
nausea, vomiting

24
Q

Side effect of intestional cancer surgery

Study These Flashcards
A

Resections may promote steatorrhea and malabsorption

25
Intestional cancer risk factors
**Family hx**, diet, lack of physical activity, obesity, smoking, IBD (inflammation bowel diseases)
26
Colostomy
Rectum and anus needed to be removed
27
Ileostomy
Entire colon, rectum, and anus are removed
28
Which part of colon is worst to be removed ?
Ascending because that's where water and electrolytes are absorbed
29
Facts about pancreatic cancer
Symptoms are extremely faint with high mortality rate
30
Whipple Procedure
Directly feeding to the jejunum
31
Chemotherapy
Medicines that interrupt cell production **Combination:** less drug resistance, less toxicity. Treat 2 areas at the same time **Adjuvant**: chemo after surgery ** Neoadjuvant**: chemo before surgery Given systemically and thus ALL cells of the body are exposed to the toxic effects of the drug
32
What cells are most affected by chemotherapy
Cells that divide rapidly is also effected with chemo in GI track, blood cells (WBC,RBC, platelets), hair follicle
33
Side effects of chemo
Neutropenia: low WBC counts Thrombo: low platelets Anemia: from now RBC Diarrhea: GI tracks Mucositis: inflammation of the GI epithelial tissue Alopecia: loss of hair
34
Radiation
Like chemo, radiation effects the continuously proliferating cells most May be administered externally or internally
35
Effects of radiation
Fatigue Mucositis Dysgeusia: altered taste Xerostomia: very dry mouth Dysphagia: Odynophagia: pain when swallow Severe Esophagitis
36
What other risks that occur when a patient recieve radiation :
Those taking radiation are at risk of dehydration ## Footnote Oral intake at times may be impossible due to the extremely irritated esophagus tissues
37
Nutrition intervention for cancer
Cachexia Nutritional Support may be needed Abnormalities in CHO, Protein, and Lipid Metabolism
38
Nutritional complication of cancer
Nausea/Vomiting Early satiety Diarrhea Mucositis Xerostomia Constipation Wt loss Anemia
39
Energy needs for cancer
Obese: 21-25 kcals/kg Non-ambulatory or sedentary adults: 25-30 kcal/kg Slightly hypermetabolic or need wt gain: 30-35 kcal/kg Hypercatabolic, severely stressed, or have malabsorption: 35 kcals/kg or greater as needed
40
Protein needs for cancer
Normal or maintenance: .8-1.0 g/kg Non-stressed cancer pts: 1.0-1.5 g/kg Bone marrow transplant: 1.5 g/kg or greater as needed Extreme wasting or hypercatabolism: 1.5-2.5 g/kg
41
Nutrition therapy for cancer
**Diarrhea: **Drink small amounts of fluid frequently throughout the day Gatorade, Pedialyte, Clear liquids, and Oral Rehydration fluids are recommended ** Anorexia**: May need appetite stimulant **Nausea and vomiting**: cause should be determined and treated **Early Satiety**: Small frequent meals that are nutrient dense **Mucositis**: High Kcal, High Protein nutritional beverages **Xerostomia:** enhance saliva production Avoid favorite food while doing chemo
42
43
Barrett's esophagus
A disorder in which the lining of the esophagus is damaged by stomach acid and changed to a lining similar to that of the stomach.
44
Whipple Procedure
feeding directly to the jejunum

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