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Pathphysiology 2 > cancer > Flashcards

cancer Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide but also when cells dont die when they’re meant to

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2
Q

What is the definition for cancer?

A

highly invasive and destructive neoplasms

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3
Q

What is oncology?

A

the study of neoplasms

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4
Q

What is a tumour?

A

a collection of cells that have lost genetic control of proliferation and differentiation

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5
Q

What does benign mean?

A

localised and closely resembling cells of origin but lost control of proliferation

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6
Q

What does malignant mean?

A

Invasive and destructive cells that do not resemble cells of origin

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7
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours are differentiated cells?

A

benign

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8
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours have cells that vary in size and shape and have large nuclei?

A

malignant

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9
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours is similar to normal cells?

A

benign

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10
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours has fairly normal mitosis?

A

benign

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11
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours has relatively slow growth?

A

benign

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12
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours is frequently encapsulated?

A

benign

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13
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours is described as expanding mass?

A

benign

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14
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours remains localised?

A

benign

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15
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours has rare systemic effects and is only life threatening in certain locations (brain)?

A

benign

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16
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours has many undifferentiated cells?

A

malignant

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17
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours has rapid growth?

A

malignant

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18
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours has cells that are not adhesive and infiltrate tissue?

A

malignant

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19
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours have no capsule?

A

malignant

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20
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours invades nearby tissue or metastasises?

A

malignant

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21
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours often has systemic effects and is life threatening by tissue destruction and spread of tumours?

22
Q

What do the genes that are altered for someone with cancer control in the cell?

Study These Flashcards
A

reproduction (mitosis, meiosis)
Growth
differentiation
death

23
Q

What impacts does cancer have on tissues, organs and organ systems?

Study These Flashcards
A

loss of cell to cell communication which allows further unrestricted growth of tumour cells
Increased energy expenditure, which deprives unaffected cells of nutrients
Increased motility and loss of cohesion/adhesion, which promotes movement to other locations
Rapid angiogenesis, which provides extensive blood flow to the tumour cells
Substance secretion, which alters the metabolism and degrades neighbouring unaffected cells
Present foreign antigens on the cancer cell surface, which can trigger the immune response

24
Q

What are mutator genes?

Study These Flashcards
A

Genes that repair mutated DNA and protect the genome

25
What are protooncogenes?
Genes that regulate cell function
26
What are tumour suppressor genes?
Genes that prohibit over proliferation of cells and regulate apoptosis
27
Name some carcinogens
High energy ionizing radiation Hormone chemicals Viruses and bacteria
28
What is local spread?
proliferation of the neoplasm within the tissue of origin
29
What is direct extension?
Process of tumour cells moving into adjacent tissues and organs
30
What is seeding (spread of cancer)?
malignant tumours move along membranes of peritoneal and pleural cavities, gaining easy access to organs within
31
What is metastases?
Neoplasm spread to distant sites by way of lymphatics or blood vessels
32
What is organ tropism?
the affinity of a primary tumour to a specific distant site
33
Describe grades 1 and 2 of cancer
well differentiated resemble the tissue of origin in size and shape, structure and mitotic activity
34
Describe grades 3 and 4?
highly undifferentiated demonstrate little or no resemblance to the tissue of origin
35
What does haematology-oncology refer to?
The combined medical practice of haematology (the study of the blood's physiology) and oncology (the study of cancer)
36
What happens in acute myeloid leukaemia?
the bone marrow makes too many monocytes or granulocytes. These cells aren't fully developed and are not able to work normally
37
What happens in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?
The bone marrow makes too many B or T lymphocytes. These lymphocytes are not fully developed and are not able to work normally. They are often known as blast cells
38
What happens in chronic myeloid leukaemia?
The abnormal leukaemia cells develop from early blood cells called the myeloid blood stem cells. They become myelocytes. These cells are sometimes called granulocytes
39
What does lymphoma mean?
Cancer of the lymphatic system
40
What does the lymphatic system do?
It plays an important part of our immune system. It plays a role in fighting bacteria and other infections. And it destroys old or abnormal cells, such as cancer cells
41
What cells does Hodgkin lymphoma contain?
Reed-Sternberg cells
42
What does the stage of Hodgkin lymphoma tell you?
It tells you about the number and places in the body that are affected by the lymphoma
43
Name some risk factors of Hodgkin lymphoma
smoking overweight Family history Epstein Barr virus previous NHL breast implant
44
Name some symptoms of leukaemia
General weakness Feeling tired High temperature Frequent infections Bruising or bleeding Weight loss Pain in bones or joints Breathlessness Feeling full in your tummy pale skin swollen lymph nodes
45
Name some of the symptoms of lymphoma
painless swelling in lymph nodes heavy sweating, especially at night High temperatures that come and go with no obvious cause, often overnight unexplained weight loss itching cough or shortness of breath tummy pain or vomiting after drinking alcohol
46
What are the main types of treatment for cancer?
Chemotherapy Targeted cancer drugs Radiotherapy
47
Name some symptoms of prostate cancer
Passing urine more frequently getting up in the night difficulties passing urine urgency Leaking Blood in urine Raised PSA
48
Name some symptoms of lung cancer
Persistent cough for longer than 3 weeks A change in long-term cough Shortness of breath Blood in sputum Pain in chest/shoulder Loss of appetite Fatigue Loss of weight
49
Name some symptoms of bowel cancer
Bleeding from rectum Blood in faeces Change in bowel habits Pain in abdomen or rectum Losing weight Fatigue Shortness of breath Bowel obstruction
50
Name some symptoms of melanoma
Asymmetry Border Colour Diameter Elevation
51
What are the 3 possible goals of cancer treatment?
completely eradicate the neoplasms control continued growth and spread Reduce symptoms without curing the cancer
52
How can we prevent cancer?
Screening exercise Balanced healthy diet Maintain healthy weight Vaccinations Skin protection Avoid tobacco Avoid heavy alcohol consumption Protect against exposure to industrial carcinogens

Pathphysiology 2 (14 decks)

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