Cancer Flashcards
What does the screening for bowel cancer involve?
FIT kit looks if there are any traces of blood in a stool sample
What does a mammogram aim to detect?
Calcification associated with DCIS
What are tumour markers
Substances produced by a tumour or by the body as a response to cancer
What is advanced cancer classed as?
Cancer that has spread from the primary site to other places in the body
What is locally advanced cancer?
When the cancer has spread only to nearby tissues or lymph nodes
What does tumour grade refer to?
Description of a tumour based on how abnormal the tumour cells/tissue look under a microscope
What does cancer stage refer to?
The size and/or extent of the primary tumour and whether or not the cancer cells have spread
What is TNM classification?
Automatically based system that records the primary and regional nodal extent of the tumour
What do the T,N and M categories describe in TNM classification?
T - the primary tumour site
N - regional lymph node involvement
M - presence/ no presence of distant metastatic spread
What are the key molecular factors involved in metastasis?
Adhesion
Invasion
Growth factors
What is the most common cancer in women aged 20-35 in the UK
Cervical cancer
What are the factors associated with a poor cervical cancer outcome?
Lymph node involvement
Large tumours
Parametrial involvement
Lymphovascular invasion
List some types of cancer therapy
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Biological or targeted therapy
Hormonal therapy
Immunotherapy
What does molecular genetics involve?
Uses the tools of DNA technology to analyse mutations in genes
What are the types of non-neoplastic proliferation?
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
