Cancer

Question 1

What is cancer

Answer 1

A group of diseases with processes associated with uncontrolled and abnormal cell growth and proliferation

Question 2

What can be the cause of cancer, what is it called

Answer 2

It can be different things in various people (idiopathic) and in some people, the cause is never known

Question 3

How many types of cancers are there

Answer 3

at least 30

Question 4

What are the 4 groups of cancer

Answer 4

Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Leukaemia

Question 5

What is carcinoma

Answer 5

Cancer in the skin or tissues that line internal organs

Question 6

What is sarcoma

Answer 6

Cancer in muscle, connective tissue, fat and bone

Question 7

What is lymphoma

Answer 7

Cancer in the lymphatic system

Question 8

What is leukaemia

Answer 8

Cancer in bone marrow (blood-forming tissue)

Question 9

What was the leading cause of death in Canada in 2021

Answer 9

Cancer, followed by heart disease

Question 10

What was the second cause of death in the US in 2017, and how many men and women were affected

Answer 10

cancer
40% of men
38% of women

Question 11

Globally, what was the amount of deaths due to cancer in 2018

Answer 11

9.6 millions

Question 12

Is the rate of cancer prevalence expected to rise or fall? why?

Answer 12

it is expected to rise due to growth and ageing od the world population

Question 13

What is the percentage of cancers linked to heredity? what does this mean

Answer 13

10-15%
Most cancers are due to external factors (lifestyle or environment)

Question 14

What was the economic burden of cancer in 2015 in the US?

Answer 14

80.2 billion dollars without accounting for lost productivity

Question 15

Do external and internal factors act alone or together?

Answer 15

Over time, more factors can interact together and increase the risk of developing cancer

Question 16

What are the internal factors that increase risks

Answer 16

Heredity
Immune dysfunction
Abnormal metabolism

Question 17

What are the external factors that increase risks

Answer 17

Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
Pollution
Radiation exposure

Question 18

For cancer in general, what are the steps of the multi-stage model of carcinogenesis

Answer 18

1. Initiation: genetic mutation (spontaneous or over time) the altered genes grow cells more quickly
2. Promotion: some of the converted cells become precancerous and there’s a rapid proliferation
3. Progression: the proliferating precancerous cells become an invasive tumour (cancer cells)

Question 19

What is a benign tumour

Answer 19

Non-cancerous, they do not spread and are usually non-life-threatening

Question 20

What is a malignant tumour

Answer 20

Cancerous, invades the neighbouring tissues and spreads to other parts of the body

Question 21

Why is it pertinent to study the multi-stage model?

Answer 21

It makes it possible to study the possible mechanisms by which PA can interrupt the process and prevent cancer from progressing

Question 22

What are the traditional cancer treatments

Answer 22

1. Chemotherapy: radioactive substances travel in the blood to kill cancer cells
2. Radiation therapy: High-energy radiation to shrink tumours and kill cancer cells
3. Hormone therapy: REmove hormones from the body to stop cancer cell’s function and limit growth

Question 23

What percentage of annual cancer deaths were due to lifestyle risk factors in the US in 2014

Answer 23

45%

Question 24

What are the lifestyle risk factors for most cancers

Answer 24

1. obesity
2. physical inactivity
3. unhealthy eating
4. smoking

Question 25

What are the non-modifiable risk factors for cancer

Answer 25

Age Heredity Sex

Question 26

What are the modifiable risk factors for cancer

Answer 26

Physical inactivity Obesity Tobacco use Poor nutrient intake (and excessive alcohol) Sun exposure Toxic environment exposure

Question 27

What BMI significantly increase the risk of most cancers

Answer 27

over or equal to 25-30

Question 28

What is the main risk factor for lung and bronchial cancers

Answer 28

tobacco use

Question 29

A relationship between PA and reduced cancer risk has been [...] for [...].

Answer 29

found consistently Colon and breast cancer

Question 30

What does it mean if a dose-response relationship was found between PA and colon/breast cancer? how much lower is the risk for the most active women? Men?

Answer 30

The more someone is active, the more they lower their risk of developing cancer 10-15% 19%

Question 31

Is the risk lowered in only breast and colon cancer?

Answer 31

No, PA also lowers the risk of developing endometrial, bladder, oesophagal, kidney and stomach cancers

Question 32

How does PA hypothetically reduce cancer risks

Answer 32

1. avoidance of excessive weight gain or loss 2. improve insulin resistance 3. lower systemic low-grade inflammation (can damage tissue) 4. Lower colon transit time 5. Lower production of sex hormone 6. Improve immune response

Question 33

With which pathways can PA affect cancer risks?

Answer 33

Indirect: PA reduces adipose tissue and so affects risk reduction Direct: PA directly affect the reduction of risk factors

Question 34

How many people were living with or were survivors of cancer in 2016 in the US

Answer 34

15-16 million people

Question 35

What are the benefits of PA during and after cancer treatment?

Answer 35

1. Increase energy levels 2. Relives stress 3. Decreases anxiety and depression 4. Controls weight 5. Better physical functioning 6. Reduces fatigue 7. Improves self-esteem

Question 36

What is the difference between traditional cancer treatments and PA?

Answer 36

Traditional treatments often have negative effects on the body whereas PA has positive effects (the largest effect found that PA improves strength after treatment)

Question 37

For colon cancer, what are the PA guidelines?

Answer 37

consistently having about 30-60 minutes of MVPA/day can lower the risks

Question 38

Which type of PA has the strongest association with lowering risks

Answer 38

aerobic leisure time PA

Question 39

What are the general guidelines for cancer prevention

Answer 39

- 150 min, MV or 75 minutes V - strength twice a week for major muscle groups

Question 40

How can survivors reduce the adverse effects of treatment and lower the risks of other chronic diseases

Answer 40

being active