Cancer Flashcards

Question

Leukaemia - cells to know What happens to stem cells? (Natural)

Answer 1

All blood cells start as the same type of cell, called a stem cell. This stem cell then develops into: Lymphoid stem cells, which become white blood cells called lymphocytes Myeloid stem cells become white blood cells called monocytes and neutrophils (granulocyte), red blood cells and platelets

Answer 2

How quickly it develops - acute or chronic The type of white blood cells it affects - myeloid of lymphoid

Answer 3

AML is rare, around 3,100 diagnosed in UK each year Adults and children can get AML Most common in older people - more than 40% of cases The bone marrow makes too many monocytes or granulocytes. These cells are not fully developed and are not able to work normally AML can develop from myeloid stem cell or myeloid blast.

Answer 4

Is rare, 790 people are diagnosed with ALL in UK each year ALL most common in children 0-4 years Slightly more common in males than females The bone marrow makes too many B or T lymphocytes. These lymphocytes are not fully developed and are not able to work normally Often know as blast cells (All develop from lymphoid blast cells)

Answer 5

Around 830 ppl diagnosed CML in UK each year More common older people The abnormal leukaemia cells develop from early blood cells called myeloid blood stem cells, they become myelocytes. These cells are sometimes called granulocytes. Aka chronic granulocytic leukaemia or CGL Therefore can develop from stem cells called myeloid or myeloid stem cell

Answer 6

3,800 diagnosed each year in UK CLL by far most common type chronic (slow dev) leukaemia. More common in older people, rare in those under 40. Men more likely to develop than women Type of chronic leukaemia tells you type of white blood cell has become cancerous, in CLL lymphocyte white blood cells become cancerous CLL affects the B lymphocytes

Answer 7

Very rare Estimated that 210 diagnosed in UK each year More common in men than woman In hairy cell, it is the white cells called B lymphocytes that become cancerous

Answer 8

Lymphoma means cancer of the lymphatic system Lymphatic system is system of thin tubes and lymph nodes that run throughout the body. Lymph nodes are bean shaped glands Thin tubes called lymph vessels or lymphatic vessels Tissue fluid called lymph circulates around the body in these vessels and flows through the lymph nodes Lymphatic system is an important part of our immune system. Plays a role in fighting bacteria and other infections And it tries to destroy old or abnormal cells, such as cancer cells

Answer 9

Rare 2100 people diagnosed in UK each year Slightly more common in males than females, can happen at any age More common in young adults and a second peak in older age Named after the doctor who first recognised it Particulate appearance under microscope - contains cells called reed-sternberg cells

Answer 10

Can start anywhere in lymphatic system Can develop in more than one place in the body at the same time Most common place to be noticed is lymph nodes of the neck, but it can start in any of the lymph nodes eg chest, groin, abdomen or armpit. Stages: I - one node or group of adjacent nodes II - two or more nodal groups on the same side of the diaphragm II ‘bulky’ - as above with bulky disease III (advanced) - nods on both sides of the diaphragm, nodes above the diaphragm with spleen involvement IV (advanced) - additional noncontignous extra lymphatic involvement

Answer 11

NHL 14,200 people diagnosed each year in UK, 6th most common type of cancer in adults More common in older people Under microscope does not contain reed-sternberg cells. There are more than 60 different types of NHL and they can all behave in different ways.

Answer 12

NHL can happen just about anywhere Usually starts in lymph nodes, quite common to find it in the neck, liver or spleen. Also found in other body organs such as stomach, small bowel, bones, brains testicles or skin Extranodal - 1 in 4 who have NHLhave some lymphoma in organ outside the lymphatic or bone marrow system It is then called Extranodal (or extra lymphatic disease )

Answer 13

Most types of cancer can spread to lymph nodes, but they are not lymphoma Lymphoma is cancer that starts in the lymph nodes.

Answer 14

Overweight Family history - 1st degree relatives of people with HL, NHL or CLL have increased risk of getting HL themselves Epstein Barr virus (EBV) - the virus that causes glandular fever. People who have had glandular fever have increased risk of HL. Around 40% of cases of HL are related to EBV infection Previous NHL - had it in past increases risk, could be due to treatment they had or the lowered immune system. Breast implants - associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL)

Answer 15

General weakness Feeling tired High temp Frequent infections Bruising or bleeding Weight loss Pain in bones or joints Breathlessness Feeling full in your tummy (liver/spleen swollen) Pale skin Swollen lymph nodes

Answer 16

Painless swelling in lymph nodes Heavy sweating, especially at night High temps that come and go with no obvious cause, often overnight Losing a lot of weight over short time Itching, may worse after drinking alcohol Cough or shortness of breath Tummy pain or vomiting after drinking alcohol

Answer 17

Haematologist Specialist cancer nurse Pathologist Radiotherapy specialist Pharmacist Radiologist Might include transplant specialist

Answer 18

Your type and grade of NHL Stage of NHL General health Your age

Answer 19

Main- Chemotherapy Targeted cancer drugs Radiotherapy Other - Stem cell transplant Surgery

Answer 20

Tobacco Pesticides Diet Infection Gender Occultation Sun and radiation Alcohol Pollution Medicines Food additives

Answer 21

Genetic - inherited and mutations Carcinogens - tobacco, smoking, chemicals and excess of alcohol intake Natural - radiation and hormones Viruses - HBV, HCV and HPU

Answer 22

Early menarche Late menopause Non/limited breast feeding Contraceptive pill HRT Obesity

Answer 23

Cancer research study linked oestrogen to increase of activation-induced deaminase (AID) in B-cells of immune system AID causes hypermutation in Bcells as part of antibody production Oestrogen also found to activate AID in beast tissue —??? Causes cancer-mutations in breast tissue

Answer 24

1/4 male and 1/6 female cancer linked to eating red and or processed meats Each 120g/day red meat increases risk by 28% Each 30g processed meats increases risk by 9%

Answer 25

Haem stimulates gut bacteria to produce N-nitroso compounds Nitrates and nitrites involved in preserving processed meats also converted to N-nitroso compounds N-nitroso compound irritate and damage bowel epithelial cells causing increased division and increased risk of mutation Cooking red meat at high temp produces cancer inducing chemicals (amines)

Answer 26

5000 chemicals - many poisons and 70+ can cause cancer 15 cigarettes produces DNA damage in lung cells Risk factors increase with length of time smoking rather than amount - 1 pack/day x40 years worse than 2 pack/day for 20 years

Answer 27

Direct action on lung tissue Chromium and aromatic hydrocarbons damage cellular DNA Arsenic and nickel prevent DNA repair Systemic effects - reduces immune system response to damaged cells

Answer 28

Studies show e-cigs are less harmful than smoking, most of toxic chemicals present in cigs aren’t present in e-cigs Some potentially dangerous chemicals have been found in e-cigs, but levels are usually low exposure may be same as people who use nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) such as patches or gum They are not risk free, they should only be used to stop you going back to tobacco If you have never smoked, you shouldn’t use them

Answer 29

Linked to great, bowel and lung cancers Alcohol is a group 1 (highest risk) carcinogenic agent Causes 4% cancer cases in UK 1 drink (1.5 units/day) increases risk by 5% Each increase of 1.25 units increases risk by 7.12%

Answer 30

1) breast - increase oestrogen levels 2) lung - increases absorption of carcinogenic agents from smoking Alcohol and smoking together gives an increased risk than each alone 3) bowel - 4,800 cases linked to alcohol 4+ drinks a day increases risk by over 50% Alcohol converted to acetaldehyde which damages DNA and stops repair processes Alcohol causes reactive oxygen species in cells which can damage DNA

Answer 31

Linked to breast and bowel cancer Obese children often become obese adults Obesity in childhood may increase cancer risk regardless of adult weight

Answer 32

Obesity in reception children and year 6 children is higher than pre-pandemic levels Boys have higher prevalence of living with obesity than girls for both age groups Children living in the most deprived areas were more than twice as likely to be living with obesity than those living in the least deprived areas for both reception and year 6

Answer 33

Fat cells - increases risk insulin levels from sugary diet This stimulates growth factor, and stimulates cells to grow at a faster rate which can lead to mutation

Answer 34

Risk - fair skin Blonde/red hair Freckles and moles Holidays Initiating - UVA rays - ageing of skin UVB rays - cause sunburn Sunburn = dna damage to skin cells, can cause mutation.

Answer 35

Continued presence of initiation factors - oestrogen and smoking Biggest one - chronic inflammation. Usually develops once cancer cells have gone out of control, there is nothing we can do.

Answer 36

Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body Change in bowel or bladder habits A change in a wart or a mole A sore that does not heal (on skin or in the mouth) Unexplained rapid weight loss - bc cells use a lot of energy Anaemia or low Hb and persistent fatigue Persistent cough or hoarseness without reason A solid lump, often painless in breast testes or anywhere on the body

Answer 37

-Systematic inflammatory and immune responses: Fever anorexia and weight loss - increased metabolic rate - paraneoplastic symptoms - indirect changes in the body function - local effects of tumour on neighbouring tissues Occupies space - palpable mass, pain Loss of function - eg tumour pushing on bowel=constipation, diarrhoea and shortness of breath (on lung) Changes in blood

Answer 38

Changes in size or shape Redness Rashes Swelling Discharge - when not breast feeding Lumps Change in skin texture Nipples inverted or painful

Answer 39

Passing urine more frequently Getting up in the night Difficulties passing urine Urgency Leaking Blood urine Raised PSA - protein made by prostate, but can be seen in blood test. It does increase with age, but there is a normal range

Answer 40

Persistent cough for longer than 3 weeks Change in LT cough SOB Blood in sputum Pain in chest/shoulder Loss of appetite Fatigue Loss of weight

Answer 41

1) small cells (oat cell cancer) 12% of lung cancer caused by smoking Spread early - usually the most aggressive 2) non-small cells 87% of lung cancer - poor prognosis as cannot always find the primary cancer Adencarcoma Squamous cell Large cells Undifferentiated non-small cell 3) pancoast and mesothelioma

Answer 42

Bleeding from rectum Blood in faeces Change in bowel habit Pain in abdomen or rectum Losing weight Fatigue SOB Bowel obstruction

Answer 43

Drink less alcohol Eat less processed and red meat reduce smoking Be active Keep a healthy weight

Answer 44

A - asymmetry - mole shouldn’t be asymmetric should be round circle B- border - should be clear, not smudged C - colour - is it dark or light D- diameter - how big is it E- elevation - is it raised or not

Answer 45

Other type of skin melanoma A small slow growing lump - shining and pink/red Spot or sore which - doesn’t heal within 4 weeks and is itchy, crusty scabs over or bleeds

Answer 46

Complete history Physical examination Imaging studies - X-rays US CAT MRI endoscopic examination Biopsy and cytology studies Tumour markers - hormones, enzymes, immunoglobulins - protein antigens - PSA (prostate), hCG (testicular) - CA125 - CEA Blood urine and tissue tests - Hb, WBC, platelet and RBC levels

Answer 47

Completely eradicate the neoplasms Control continued growth and spread Reduce symptoms without curing the cancer

Answer 48

Surgery Chemotherapy Radiotherapy (proton therapy - directed form to prevent is effecting other areas) used on brain a lot. Hormones Immunotherapy Bone marrow transplantation Stem cell transplantation Adjuvant therapy - additional prophylactic treatment used in cancers known to metastasise early eg surgery with radiotherapy and chemotherapy Each can be used alone or in combination

Answer 49

Wide local incision or mastectomy Lobectomy Pneumonectomy Prostatectomy Colectomy Chemotherapy - many different regimes Radiotherapy - curative lung cancer, daily treatment for 4-7 weeks Breast, daily treatment for 3 weeks Hormone/targeted therapy - tamoxifen/herceptin

Answer 50

Course and outcome - type Location Sage of disease Age Overall health Response to treatment 5 year - percentage of people who are living 5 years after diagnosis - cancer free, in remission or living with cancer

Answer 51

Screening - breast bowel and cervical Exercise Balanced healthy diet Maintain healthy weight Vaccinations Skin protection Avoid tobacco Avoid heavy alcohol consumption Protect against exposure to industrial carcinogens

Cancer Flashcards

(75 cards)