Cancer Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
cancer
A
- neoplastic dz process that involves abnormal cell growth and differentiation
- can be caused by viruses, physical/chemical agents, hormone, genetics, and diet
2
Q
proto-oncogenese
A
•a normal gene that can undergo mutation and become an oncogene, causing cancer
3
Q
tumor suppressor genes
A
•stop the tumor cells
4
Q
Knudson’s Two-Hit hypothesis
A
•cancer growth due to
- genetic mutation
- environmental exposure
5
Q
environmental exposures predisposing to cancer
A
- radiation
- chemicals
- virus
6
Q
radiation sources
A
- sun
- tanning beds
- medical scanning devices
- cell phones
7
Q
chemical sources
A
- household products
- hygiene products
- manufacturing/process ingredients
- farming processes
- processed foods
8
Q
virus sources
A
- Epstein Barr
* HPV
9
Q
initiation phase of carcinogenesis
A
•chemical, physical, or biological agent damages cell DNA
•damage either repaired or genetic mutation occurs
*cancer not immediate
10
Q
promotion phase of carcinogenesis
A
- additional insults to already damaged cells leads to further damage
- malignant conversion phase when altered cells reproduce
11
Q
progression phase of carcinogenesis
A
•more changes in damaged cells makes them more malignant in appearance/behavior
•malignant cells develop into invasive cancers
-invade tissue
-metastasize
12
Q
metastasis
A
•spread of cancer cells to distant parts of body •3 ways -vascular -lymphatic -implantation
13
Q
cancer cell grading
A
GX- cannot assess (undetermined) G1- well differentiated (low) G2- moderately diff (intermediate) G3- poor diff (high) G4- undiff (high)
14
Q
physical issues r/t presence of cancer cells
A
- impaired organ, tissue fxn
* pain/disocomfort
15
Q
stem cell or bone marrow transplant cancer tx
A
- autologous- yourself
- syngeneic- identical genes
- allogenic- relative
- MUD- matched unrelated donor
16
Q
supportive care tx for cancer
A
- blood products
- abx
- O2
- IV fluids/nutrition
- pain management
17
Q
RN care during cancer tx
A
- admin chemo/tx
- monitor/manage AEs
- protect from infection/bleeding
- support nutrition
- manage fatigue
18
Q
side effects r/t cancer tx
A
- N/V
- constipation/diarrhea
- weight loss
- decreased Hgb/Hct
- neuropathy
- neutropenia
- pancytopenia
- alopecia
- Tumor lysis syndrome
- mucositis/stomatits
19
Q
drugs for WBC support cancer tx
A
•Neupogen
20
Q
drugs for RBC support cancer tx
A
- Epogen
* Procrit
21
Q
drugs for DVT prophylaxis cancer tx
A
- Lovenox
- heparin
- aspirin
22
Q
drugs for bone mineral support cancer tx
A
•Aredia
•calcitonin
*hydration
23
Q
drugs to manage tumor lysis effects
A
- allopurinol
* hydration
24
Q
prophylactic anti-infective drugs cancer tx
A
- acylovir
- fluconazole
- ciprofloxacin
25
ANC
•absolute neutrophil count
•normal: 3,000-5,00
•neutropenic: 1,000
*drops during chemo tx
26
calculating ANC
%neutrophil x total WBC = ANC
27
chemotherapy
* admin of systemic or local cytotoxic meds that damage cell's DNA or destroy rapidly dividing cells
* reduces # cancer cells at primary and metastic sites
28
chemo admin
* PO
* parenteral
* IV- peripheral vein or VAD
* intra-arterial
* intrathecal
* intravesicle
29
vascular access devices (VAD)
* site of chemo admin b/c it is so irritant to peripheral veins
* R-atrial catheters
* infusaports
* PICC line
30
cell cycle specific chemo agents
•effect dividing cells
31
cell cycle nonspecific chemo agents
•effect cells dividing OR at rest
32
factors that affect tumor response to chemo
* mitotic rate
* size, age, location of tumor
* physiological/psychological status
33
alkylating chemo agents
•alter DNA/prevent cell growth
34
antitumor chemo antibiotics
•interact w/ DNA to decrease cell survival
35
antimetabolite chemo agents
•interfere w/ normal cell growth
36
DNA repair inhibitors
•chemo agents that prevent enzymatic cell repair
37
miotic inhibitors
•chemo agents that prevent cell division
38
flare rxn to chemo
* warmth, redness
* maybe itching
* NO pain/swelling
39
extravasation rxn to chemo
•leakage of a vesicant medication into the surrounding tissue instead of into the intended vascular pathway
•cool and pallor at IV site
*stop drug immediately
40
acute infusion rxn to chemo
```
•systemic rxn to anti-cancer agent
•hypersensitivity
•anaphylaxis
•cytokine release
*stop drug
```
41
superior vena cava syndrome
* Internal or external vessel obstruction
* leads to dyspnea, neck/face swelling, jugular vein distention; maybe chest pain, arm swelling, dysphagia, etc.
* EMERGENCY rxn to chemo
42
cardiac tamponade
* Accumulation of fluid in the pericardium
* chest pain, dyspnea, low BP, pallor, nausea, LOC changes, agitation, heart sounds muffled or distant, jugular vein distention
* EMERGENCY rxn to chemo
43
spinal cord compression
* from tumor invasion or from vertebral destruction that impinges on cord
* pain, weakness, decreased movement, numbness
* May lead to permanent paralysis
* EMERGENCY rxn to chemo
44
syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH
* with low serum sodium levels, fluid retention and low urine output, headache, confusion, irritability, lethargy, muscle weakness
* EMERGENCY rxn to chemo
45
tumor lysis syndrome
* tumor cell breakdown releases metabolites into the circulation
* hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia
* maybe hypocalcemia, renal failure
* Weakness, EKG changes, low BP, muscle cramps, decrease urine output, mentation/LOC changes
* EMERGENCY rxn to chemo
46
lifestyle consequences r/t cancer
* infertility
* altered body image
* require ADL assistance
* cost of tx
* malnutrition
* paraneoplastic syndromes
* hypercalcemia
* DIC- improper clotting
47
modifiable cancer prevention options
* weight
* activity/exercise
* diet
* radiation/chemical exposure
* hormone use
48
non-modifiable cancer prevention options
* gender
* genetics
* age
* family hx
49
cancer early detection
* self-exams
* provider exams
* screenings
* genetic counseling
