Cancer Flashcards
(31 cards)
Incidence and prevalence of cancer in US
I: 1.2 million
P: 8 million survivors
Incidence and prevalence of Laryngeal Cancer in US
I: 12,000
P: Unknown
Incidence and prevalence of Laryngectomies
I: 5-7,000
P: 60,000
What percentage of people will get cancer in the lifetime?
46% of men (24% will be fatal)
38% of women (20% will be fatal)
How common is Laryngeal cancer?
Accounts for less than 2% of all cancers
25% of head and neck cancers
Who is more likely to get Laryngeal cancer?
Men more than women 4:1
Average age of diagnosis of Laryngeal cancer
63 years
Risk factors for Laryngeal Cancer
Smoking (but don't assume anything) Alcohol (Smoking + alcohol worse) Poor nutrition GERD/Acid Reflux Leukoplakia- mucous membrane disorder characterized by white patches
Symptoms of Laryngeal Cancer
Hoarseness Persistent cough Prolonged sore lump in throat Dysphasia Persistent throat pain Persistent ear pain Dyspenea/stridor (on inhalation) Unexplained weight loss
Detection of Laryngeal Cancer
@ 1 gram to be detected
Leukoplakia
Stiffness, no vibration, no mobility of vocal folds
Cancers in the larynx tend to start superficially
Normal Cell Life
In 24 hours, 3 billion cells replaced
Cells that die are rapidly replaced by surrounding cells
Fast Growing Cells
T Cells (for immune system)
Skin
Digestive system lining
Long Living Cells
Neurons- live as long as we do (kidney cells- slow growing)
Apoptosis
Natural cell death
Necrosis
Death of cell due to disease
4 Phases of Normal Cell Life
- Division: mitosis
- Gap 1: minimum 2 hours (some enter Gap 1 and replicate, others die)
- Synthesis Period: DNA replicates
- Gap 2: minimum 10 hours
and Repeat
When does cancer occur?
When there is damage to the cell’s suicide program and cells do not receive the signal to die naturally. If a defective cell escapes its intended location and does not have an off switch/suicide program properly working, then the body will detect it with the immune system and try to destroy it (double layer of protection)
Cancer occurs when there is a loss of error control within the cell and there is a genetic defect. When the cell wanders off to an unintended location and starts to divide, this is metastasis.
Causes of Cancer
Inheritance Chemicals/Environment Carcinogens Viruses Radiation
Staging for Laryngeal Cancer
T: Tumor
N: Nodes
M: Metastasis
T: Tumor
Tx: tumor cannot be assessed
T1: in situ, sitting on surface (small), structures moving normally
T2: slightly larger, structures look good, some impaired range of motion
T3: movement of structures impaired, potentially cancer invaded other tissues (arytenoids)
T4: structures immobile, invaded other tissues, tumor extensive
N: Nodes
Nx: lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0: not spread to lymph nodes
N1: limited ipsilateral lymph nodes affected
N2: more ipsilateral lymph nodes affected
N3: contra and ipsilateral nodes affected (bilateral spread)
M: Metastasis
Mx: cannot be assessed
M0: no metastasis
M1: metastasis detected
Types of cancer
4 that can be tied back to embryonic development
- Carcinoma
- Sarcoma
- Lymphoma
- Leukemia
Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Ectoderm
Outside structures: teeth, skin, hair
