Cancer Flashcards
Describe the general definition of cancer in terms of proliferation, differentiation, defective apoptosis
Cancer is uncontrolled, abnormal, unregulated cell growth and division that potentially invades various areas of the body, causing tumors or neoplasm.
Proliferation: is where there is a rapid reproduction of cell division that replaces old cells, and forms new cells
Differentiation: refers to how cancer cells look and function compared to normal cells e.g. one might develop a cancer cell in the kidney that looks like a liver cell
Defective apoptosis: i.e. programmed cell death, represents a major causative factor in the development and progression of cancer
List the three definitions of cancer in terms of growth facots (e.g. benign etc)
Benign neoplasm: grows slower and has lost the genetic signals to suppress proliferation (rapid cell growth).
Malignant neoplasm: loses the ability to control proliferation and differentiation which causes rapid growth and invasion towards other tissues
Metastasis: process of cancers spreading around the body; and describes the development of a secondary tumor which retains the characteristics of the primary tumor but is in another area.
List the cancer classifications and description
Carcinomas: epithelial cells (breast, colons) Leukemias: blood cells Sarcomas: bone and connective tissue Lymphomas: immune system cells CNS cancers: neural tissue
Describe the diagnostic and staging criteria for BC
Diagnosis includes: having a breast examination and medical summary; imaging testing
Stages: 1-4 using TMN system which describe eh severity of the cancer
Grades: 1-4 which describes the cell differentiation
Types: ductal carcinoma in situ: non-invase BC confined to the ducts; lobular carcinoma in situ: non-invasive BC confined to the lobules; invasive carcinoma: locally spread in the breast and can metastatize; HER+2: c-cells have higher than normal level of protein
List the two types of colon/rectal cancer, and describe the diagnostic and staging criteria
- Adenocarcinomas; cancer of the intestinal glands
- Colorectal cancer
Diagnosis includes: a clinical examination and med history; blood test; colonoscopy and biopsy to remove cells; imaging testing
Stages: 1-4, using TMN system; there can be clinical and pathological; describes the severity
Grade: 1-4 describes the differentiation
List and describe the various cancer treatments
Surgery: is used for diagnosis, cancer staging, tumor removal
Radiation: primary treatment or in conjunction w/other treatments; high energy photon beams damage the DNA
Chemo: toxic to proliferating cells and trigger apoptosis
Hormonal: for cancers which are receptive to hormonally induced growth; drugs prevent the production of hormones or lock the receptor binding sites of cancer cells.
Describe cancer treatment and its effect on health
Can damage healthy tissue during various treatment processes; can reduce CRF and Pulm function, immunity, muscle weakness/atrophy, fatigue, bone mineral density
Surgery and radiation can limit flexibility, mobility, cause nerve damage
What are the considerations towards CRF and cancer patients according to ACSM guidelines
consider interval training or short bouts; build flexibility into prog; encourage active lifestyle; consider mode (high impact not acceptable for bone cancer, arm ergometer not suitable for BC); progression is slowl
What are the consideration towards Resistance T and cancer patients according to ACSM
consider functional exercises rather than RT; focus on specific muscle groups for some people; flex/ROM is important
What are the contraindications for people w/Cancer?
EX to be approached individually; lymphedema: avoid overuse of swelling arm and stop ex if such is reported
Describe the responses/benefits of EXP for people w/Cancer
Improve: physical function; QOL; lean tissue; flexibility ROM; aerobic capacity; immune function; strength
Reduce: bodyweight and fat mass; pain/ nausea; cancer related fatigue; risk of secondary cancer
What are the recommendations for people w/Cancer
consider: psychological benefits of ex i.e. how enjoyable is the prescription; barriers: it varies between individuals; motives: this will help to improve adherence
Briefly talk about the epidemiology of Cancer (i.e. statistics)
21050 (52% male) new cases of cancer registered in 2011 NZ; most common registered cancer in 2011 was colorectal and prostrate; in 2014 BC represents number one cause of cancer incidence and mortality in women
Why is having increased fat mass a problem for BC?
Fat mass can increase the synthesis of estrogen, and increased estro can cause increased risk of hormone receptive BC. Also associated w/ increased risk of recurrence and cancer related mortality
