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Cancer Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

In which zone does prostate cancer usually occur

A

Peripheral zone of the prostate

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2
Q

In which zone does BPH usually occur

A

Transitional zone

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3
Q

Which part of the prostate makes up most of the tissue mass

A

Peripheral zone

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4
Q

What test could be used to screen for prostate cancer

A

Prostate Specific Antigen

Not very specific though - can be raised by BPH or infection etc

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5
Q

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting men in the UK - true or false

A

True

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6
Q

How does prostate cancer present

A 
usually asymptomatic - picked up by PSA 
Lower UT symptoms 
Haematuria 
Bone pain 
Weight loss 
Hard prostate
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7
Q

How do you biopsy the prostate

A

Trans-Rectal USS guided biopsy

Take 5 samples from either side of the prostate

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8
Q

What type of cancer is most common in the prostate

A

Multifocal adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

Where are the most common sites of metastasis for prostate cancer

A

Pelvic lymph nodes

Bone

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10
Q

How do you grade prostate cancer

A

Gleason score

Take the two most abundant cell patterns, score them each and add together to get final score

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11
Q

What is the TNM definition of organ-confined prostate cancer

A

T1 or 2
N0
M0

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12
Q

What is the TNM definition of locally advanced prostate cancer

A

T3 or 4
N0
M0

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13
Q

What is the TNM definition of metastatic prostate cancer

A

N+ and M+

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14
Q

How do you manage organ confined prostate cancer

A

Watchful waiting If not advanced
Radical surgery
Radical radiotherapy

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15
Q

How do you treat locally advanced prostate cancer

A

Radiotherapy with adjuvant hormone therapy
Watch and wait if asymptomatic
Hormone therapy alone if unit for radio

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16
Q

How do you manage metastatic prostate cancer

A

Androgen deprivation therapy
Steroids
Chemo

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17
Q

How does bladder cancer present

A

Painless haematuria

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18
Q

How do you diagnose bladder cancer

A

Flexible cystoscopy and CT scan

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19
Q

What is the main type of cancer to affect the bladder

A

Transitional cell cancer

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20
Q

List the most common benign renal tumours

A

Simple cysts
Angiomyolipoma
Oncocytoma

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21
Q

What is a angiomyolipoma

A

Benign tumour affecting the blood vessels, smooth muscle and fat
Seen in middle aged women

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22
Q

Which condition is angiomyolipoma associated with

Study These Flashcards
A

tuberous sclerosis

23
Q

How does angiomyolipoma present

Study These Flashcards
A

Loin pain
Haematuria
Mass
Some may have a massive retroperitoneal bleed

24
Q

How do you diagnose and treat angiomyolipoma

Study These Flashcards
A

USS and CT

Treat if larger than 4cm with embolization or partial nephrectomy

25
Describe an oncocytoma a
Benign kidney tumour - doesn't metastasize Spherical, brown and has a central scar Cells are packed with mitochondria Can be hard to differentiate from Renal cell carcinoma
26
List the subtypes of renal cell carcinoma
``` Clear cell - most common Papillary cell Chromophobe Collecting Duct Medullary cell ```
27
What gene is responsible for clear cell renal carcinoma
VHL gene
28
Which group presents with medullary cell carcinoma
Sickle cell patients | Often present with mets
29
How does renal cell carcinoma present
``` Haematuria Loin pain Mass Pyrexia Varicocele - varicose veins around testicle ```
30
What investigations would you do for renal cell carcinoma
USS CT of chest, abdomen, pelvis - look for mets FBC and liver/renal functions
31
List some risk factors for renal cell carcinoma
Obesity Smoking Hypertension Long term dialysis
32
How do you treat renal cell carcinoma
``` Monitor if small and patient is unfit Surgical removal (partial or total nephrectomy) ```
33
Which malignant cancers can affect the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma Transitional cell carcinoma Lymphoma
34
Describe the epidemiology of testicular cancer
Most common solid cancer in men 20-45 Affects white Caucasians Most curable cancer
35
What are some of the risk factors for testicular cancer
Previous testicular cancer - other side at risk Undescended testes Family history HIV
36
What are the 2 main subtypes of testicular cancer
Seminoma | Non-seminomatous
37
How does testicular cancer present
Scrotal lump - hard, irregular | Delayed presentation - acute pain, bleeding, weight loss, neck lumps, chest or bone symptoms
38
What investigations would you do for testicular cancer
Serum tumour markers - alpha feto protein, B-HCG, LDH FBC, LFT, renal function USS testicle CT chest and abdomen for staging
39
How do you treat urinary incontinence
Radical inguinal orchidectomy (remove testicle through inguinal region) Offer sperm preservation Re-check tumour markers 1-week post-op CT scan Follow up with oncology (given adjuvant chemo)
40
What type of cancer affects the penis
Squamous cell carcinoma (skin cancer) - ulcerating Can invade into the tissue HIV patients may get Kaposi's sarcoma
41
List some risk factors for penile cancers
``` Being in 5th or 6th decade BXO Phimosis HPV Smoking Immunocompromise ``` Circumcision may have protective effect
42
Which part of the penis is most common
The glans | Then the prepuce (foreskin)
43
How does penis cancer present
Hard painless lump | Lots of delayed presentation though - urinary retention or groin mass
44
What investigations would you do for penile cancer
Examination of abdo, inguinal and genitalia MRI scan CT abdo, pelvis, chest
45
How do you treat penile cancer affecting the prepuce
Circumcision | Remove affected inguinal nodes
46
How do you treat penile cancer affecting the glans
Glans resurfacing or resection (depending on depth) If disease is advanced you may need penile amputation Remove affected inguinal nodes
47
Which neoplasia's can affect the penis
PEiN - penile intraepithelial neoplasia | Differentiated type is not HPV related and dedifferentiated is
48
Describe the appearance of a seminoma of the testes
Potato tumour (when you cut it open it looks like a potato)
49
What is the more common testicular cancer subtype
Seminoma
50
What treatment is a seminoma sensitive to
Very radio-sensitive
51
What treatment is a non-seminomatous tumour sensitive to
Very chemo-sensitive | Though has quick local and vascular infiltration
52
How can you diagnose a trophoblast testicular tumour
Produces HCG so will give a positive pregnancy test
53
Embryonal testicular tumours are aggressive - true or false
True | Quick mets and high grade
54
What tumour marker is produced by yolk sca testicular tumours
alpha feto protein

Renal (18 decks)

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