Cancer (9/26a) [Biomedical Sciences 1]

Question 1

Neoplasm

Answer 1

tumor

new tissue growth

Question 2

Cancer

Answer 2

Spectrum of disease characterized by abnormal growth of cells resulting in distorted tissue architecture

Question 3

Benign

Answer 3

Noncancerous - but can still be harmful

Non-invasive

Do not spread

Slow growing

Encapsulated

Well-differentiated cells

Question 4

Malignant

Answer 4

Cancerous

Capable of invasion and local/distant spread (metastasis)

Fast growing

Invasive, infiltrative

Anaplastic, undifferentiated, and/or immature cells

Question 5

Origin - Epithelial tissue

Answer 5

(skin, glands, GI/GU, reproductive)

Benign- adenoma

Malignant- carcinoma

Malignant glandular cells- adenocarcinoma

Question 6

Origin - Connective tissue

Answer 6

(bone, fat, muscle, cartilage)

Benign- tissue type plus “-oma”

Malignant- sarcoma

Question 7

Classification is based on

Answer 7

Benign vs malignant
Tissue of origin
Anatomic location

Question 8

Dysplastic

Answer 8

abnormal cells that are not cancerous

often precursor to cancerous lesions

Question 9

In situ

Answer 9

neoplasm that has not invaded adjacent structures (isolated)

lower grade malignancy than ones that have spread

Question 10

Approximately ___% of Americans will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime

Answer 10

40%

Question 11

Common cancers for men/women

Answer 11

MEN: prostate, lung, colorectal

WOMEN: breast, lung, colorectal

Question 12

Necessary components of healthy cell growth

Answer 12

Recognize DNA damage or errors in replication

Activate checkpoints to stop further/unnecessary replication

Implement corrective measures or induce apoptosis

Question 13

Reasons for loss of control of cell growth

Answer 13

Genetic
Epigenetic
Abnormal signaling

Question 14

Cancer Reasons - Genetic

Answer 14

something in someone’s genetics that predisposes them for cancer

EX: tumor suppressor genes inactivated (p53, BRCA1&2), activated protooncogenes and oncogenes, foreign genetic material (HPV)

Question 15

Cancer Reasons - Epigenetic

Answer 15

genetic factors signaled by something in the environment

EX: poor diet, obesity, hormones, smoking

Question 16

Cancer Reasons - Abnormal Signaling

Answer 16

lack of signaling to stop cell proliferation

EX: hormone receptors (estrogen), angiogenesis (VEGF)

Question 17

___ is a stepwise alteration in cellular function due to underlying cell abnormalities

Answer 17

neoplasia

Question 18

3 hallmarks of cancer

Answer 18

Proliferation
Invasion
Metastatic potential

Question 19

most common sites of metastasis

Answer 19

brain, lungs, liver, bone

Question 20

risk factors for cancer

Answer 20

weight, genetics, immunocompromised, nutitirion, sun exposure, viruses, tobacco/alcohol, etc

Question 21

Cancer screening

Answer 21

Colorectal - colonoscopy @ 50

Breast - mammogram @ 40-50

Cervical - pap smear @ 21

Prostate - PSA test + rectal exam @ 50

Lung - low dose CT @ 55 (>30 pack year)

Question 22

Ways to diagnose cancer

Answer 22

Screening, genetic testing, diagnostic imaging, clinical manifestations, biopsy, incidental finding

Question 23

Symptoms - CAUTION

Answer 23

C - Change in bowel or bladder habits

A - A sore that does not heal

U - Unusual bleeding or discharged

T - Thickening or lump (in breast or elsewhere)

I - Inability to swallow food easily

O - Obvious change in a wart or mole

N - Nagging cough or hoarseness

Question 24

Symptoms - Organ Specific

Answer 24

Liver: jaundice, ascites

Lung: dyspnea, cough

Bone: fractures, pain

Brain: confusion, loss of coordination

Breast: nipple discharge, skin changes

Colon: constipation

Question 25

Cancer - Grade

Answer 25

Grade = how abnormal is the cell? I: almost normal, well-differentiated III, IV, V: so undifferentiated and anaplastic, hard to recognize cell of origin

Question 26

Cancer - Stage

Answer 26

Tumor, Nodes, and Metastases (TNM) system Size and degree of local invasion Number of regional lymph nodes affected Spread to distant sites Stage I: small, local tumor Stage IV: widespread metastatic disease

Question 27

Cancer - Treatment

Answer 27

Curative intent (5 year disease free) Palliative (improve symptoms and QoL) Hospice care (comfort, QoL, no life saving treatment, <6 months)

Question 28

Role of PT in Cancer

Answer 28

``` Prevention Detection Treatment Survivorship Lower risk of recurrence ```

Question 29

PT cancer precautions - emergent

Answer 29

Sudden onset or worsening shortness of breath Sudden onset of lower extremity/calf swelling or pain Sudden worsening muscle weakness or neurologic deficit Unstable vital signs

Question 30

PT cancer precautions - urgent

Answer 30

Increase or change in pain New palpable mass Worsening or new lymphedema Worsening mental status Change in continence