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Cell Mol Lec > Cancer and Medical Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Cancer and Medical Molecular Biology Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

Cancer cells proliferate in an uncontrolled manner, forming _

A

malignant tumors

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2
Q

Malignant tumors tend to _ (establish secondary tumors)

A

metastasize

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3
Q

True or False: Cancer cells tend to bypass cell cycle checkpoints, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division

A

True

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4
Q

What are the mechanisms to bypass checkpoints?

A

Mutations
Aberrant Signaling
Telomere maintenance

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5
Q

True or False: Cancer depends on glycolysis

A

True

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6
Q

Under hypoxia conditions, cancer cells induces formation of new blood vessels

A

angiogenesis

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7
Q

cancer cells can utilize aerobic glycolysis

A

Warburg effect

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8
Q

What are some examples of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents?

A

Carcinogenic chemicals
Ionizing radiation
Viruses

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9
Q

carry genes whose products interfere with cell growth regulation

A

DNA and RNA tumor viruses

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10
Q

True or False: Cause of most cancer is still unknown

A

True

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11
Q

True or False: Diet can influence risk of developing cancer

A

True

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12
Q

infects epithelial cells in cervical mucosa

A

HPV

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13
Q

occurs by a cumulative progression of genetic alterations

A

Tumorigenesis

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14
Q

Altered genes causing cancer regulate:

A

cell cycle
cell adhesion
DNA repair

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15
Q

Cells responsible for tumors

A

Stem Cells
Progenitor Cells

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16
Q

encodes proteins that restrain cell growth, both cellular gene copies must be altered

A

Tumor-suppressor genes

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

encode proteins that promote loss of growth control

A

oncogenes

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19
Q

oncogenes are first discovered in the genomes of _

A

tumor viruses

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20
Q

altered cellular genes (protooncogenes) that act dominantly

A

oncogenes

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21
Q

most of the proteins encoded by tumor-suppressor genes act as _ of cell proliferation

A

negative regulators

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22
Q

True or False: Tumor suppressor genes also help maintain genetic stability, which may be a primary reasont that tumor contain such an abberant karyotype

A

True

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23
Q

genomes have a deletion in one copy of the RB gene inherited

A

Retinoblastoma

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24
Q

True or False: The development of RB requires at least one copies of RB to be altered or eliminated

A

False; both copies

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25
True or False: The reintroduction of a wild-type RB gene allows suppression of a cell's cancerous phenotype
True
26
mutations in the Rb gene that can lead to retinoblastoma
sporadic and familial
27
The protein encoded by the RB gene (pRB) regulated the _ transition
G1 to S transition
28
most commonly mutated gene in human cancer
TP53
29
recognized as the tumor-suppressor gene that, when absent, causes inherited disorder called Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
TP53
30
disorder when tumor-suppressor is absent
Li-Fraumeni syndrome | disease with high cancer incidence
31
32
True or False: Tumors composed of cells with wild type TP53 gene have poorer prognosis than with TP53 mutations
False, TP53 mutations have poorer prognosis
33
34
loss of _ is critical in progression toward malignant cancer
TP53 function
35
Transcriptional regulation of target genes
Apoptosis Cell cycle arrest senescence DNA repair metabolism
36
suppresses the formation of tumors and maintains genetic stability
p53 protein
37
True or False: Proper functioning of the p53 protein is very sensitive to even slight changes in the amino acid sequence
True
38
39
The six most common mutations in human cancers all map in the _ that interacts with DNA
protein region
40
acts as a transcription factor, activating expression of a gene that inhibits G1-S transition
p53 protein
41
when a cells sustains damage to DNA, the concentration of p53 _ so the damage can be repaired before initiating DNA replication
rises
42
The p53 protein triggers _ in cells whose DNA is damaged beyond repair
apoptosis
43
one pathway leading to sensescence involves expression of tumor-suppressor gene _
INK4a
44
two separate tumor-suppressor proteins needed for INK4a
p16 and ARF
45
inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases
p16
46
stabilizes p53 by inhibiting MDM2
ARF
47
inactivation of TP53 gene within senescent cells can cause the cells to resume their progress toward _
full malignancy
48
where are oncogenes derived
protooncogenes
49
the oncogene mutated most frequently in human tumors
RAS
50
encode a protein whose GTPase activity cannot be stimulated, which leaves the molecule in an active GTP bound form, sending continuous proliferation signals
RAS mutants
51
52
contains the oncogene (sis) derived from gene encoding growth factor PDGF
Simian sarcoma virus
53
directs formation of altered EGF receptor, stimulates independently of the presence of growth factor
Oncogene erbB
54
increases sensitivity to low concentrations of growth factors
malignant cells contain excess surface receptors
55
56
serine-threonine protein kinase in the MAP kinase cascade, can be converted into an oncogene so activity is always on
Raf
57
protein tyrosine kinase which phosphorylates proteins involved in signal transduction, control of the cytoskeletonm and cell adhesion
Src
58
stimulates cells to reenter cell cycle from G0 stage
Myc protein
59
regulates expression of telomerase
Myc
60
critical modification sites
promoters core histone tails
61
suppresses apoptosis, allowing abnormal cells to proliferate into tumors
overexpression of Bcl-2
62
Tumor-suppressor gene and proto-oncogene products regulate pathways including
apoptosis proliferation immortalization senescence
63
cells are metabolically active but are non-dividing
senescence
64
involved in hereditary syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum
deficiency in nucleotide excision repair (NER)
65
implicated in hereditary colon cancer
deficiency in NER
66
inhibit expression mRNA that encodes anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2
Two miRNAs
67
how many percent of colon cancers exhibit chromosome instability and aneuploidy
70%
68
disease of aberrant cellular pathways
cancer
69
use to diagnose cancer
DNA microarrays (DNA chips)
70
prepared from cancer cells and allowed to hybridize with the spots
Fluorescent cDNA
71
how many percent of cancer are treated with radiation
60%
72
X-rays focus on an internal tumor
External beam theraphy
73
dsDNA strand breaks and apoptosis kill tumor cells
External beam theraphy
74
isolated from periwinkle flowers were first anticancer candidate drugs from plants
vincristine and vinblastine
75
stabilizes microtubules causing mitotic arrest
Pacific yew tree bark yielded Taxol
76
binds to topoisomerase II disrupting DNA replication
camptothecin
77
protein whose inactivation leaves the cancer cells unable to grow or survive
theraphy targets
78
Treats cancer with antibodies
Passive immunotheraphy
79
80
humanized monoclonal antibodies; blocking breast cancer cells
Herceptin
81
antibody for non-Hodgkin lymphomas
Rituxan
82
booost patients immune defenses
Active immunotheraphy
83
Tarextumab
binds notch famuly
84
introduces new genes
Gene transfer
85
cancer cells harvested, engineeered to be more reconizable to immune system
immunotheraphy with altered cancer cells
86
delivery of immunostimulatory genes to the tumor in vivo
immunotheraphy with genes invivo
87
directly alter patient's immune system to sensitize it to cancer cells, tumor antigen
immunotheraphy using altered immune cells

Cell Mol Lec (2 decks)

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