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OV cancer > Cancer as a Disease – Skin Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer as a Disease – Skin Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

State the types of skin cancer that come under each of the following types:

a. Keratinocyte derived
b. Melanocyte derived
c. Vasculature derived
d. Lymphocyte derived

A 
a. Keratinocyte derived  
Basal Cell Carcinoma 
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 
b. Melanocyte derived  
Malignant Melanoma 
c. Vasculature derived 
Kaposi Sarcoma – endothelium of lymphatics  
Angiosarcoma – endothelium of blood vessels 
d. Lymphocyte derived 
Mycosis fungoides
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2
Q

Give two examples of viruses that can lead to skin cancer?

A

HHV8

HIV

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3
Q

What is the difference between the depth reached by UVB radiation and UVA radiation?

A

UVB – reaches sea level

UVA – reaches dead sea level

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4
Q

How are these mutations usually corrected?

A

Nucleotide excision repair

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5
Q

Name a condition that is caused by a defect in nucleotide excision repair.

A

Xeroderma pigementosum

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6
Q

What are the features of xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

Increased risk of BCCs, SCCs and melanoma

Photosensitivity and dry skin

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7
Q

What happens to keratinocytes in sunburn?

A

The UV damage leads to keratinocyte apoptosis

The apoptotic cells in UV overexposed skin are called sun burn cells

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8
Q

Describe the immunomodulatory effects of UV light.

A

UVA and UVB affect the expression of genes involved in skin immunity
It depletes Langerhans cells in the epidermis
This reduces skin immunocompetence and immunosurveillance

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9
Q

Which system is used to categorise people based on their skin type and sensitivity to UV?

A

Fitzpatrick Phenotypes

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10
Q

Where are melanocytes found within the epidermis?

A

In the basal layer

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11
Q

What happens to melanin once it is produced by the melanocytes?

A

It is packaged into melanosomes and it passes along the processes of the melanocytes and is taken up by the keratinocytes
The keratinocytes put the melanosomes around their nuclei, which protects the nuclei from DNA damage

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12
Q

What are the two types of melanin?

A

Eumelanin – black/brown

Phaeomelanin – yellowish or reddish-brown

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13
Q

What is melanin formed from?

A

Tyrosine

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14
Q

What gene regulates the relative amounts of melanin produced?

A

MC1R

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15
Q

What is Lentigo Maligna?

A

Proliferation of malignant melanocytes within the epidermis
There is no risk of metastasis
This is also called melanoma in situ

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16
Q

What is it the name given to a large area of lentigo maligna that has a smaller area within it that has become invasive?

A

Lentigo maligna melanoma

17
Q

What is a superficial spreading malignant melanoma?

A

Lateral proliferation of malignant melanocytes

They invade the basement membrane so there is a risk of metastasis

18
Q

What is the ABCDE for the diagnosis of superficial spreading malignant melanoma?

A 
Asymmetry 
Border irregularity  
Colour variation  
Diameter (>0.7 mm and increasing) 
Erythema
19
Q

What is it called when a pale area appears in the middle of a melanoma?

A

Area of regression – this is associated with higher risk of metastasis

20
Q

What is it called when you get a vertical proliferation of malignant melanocytes?

A

Nodular malignant melanoma

21
Q

Describe the pattern of growth when a nodular melanoma arises from a superficial spreading malignant melanoma.

A

Downward proliferation of malignant melanocytes that is following previous horizontal growth

22
Q

What is the type of melanoma that occurs on the palms and soles?

A

Acral lentiginous melanoma

23
Q

What type of melanoma produced no melanin?

A

Amelanotic melanoma

24
Q

What is the prognosis of melanoma based on?

A

Breslow thickness – thickness from the top of the tumour to the bottom

25
Q

What is a keratoacanthoma?

A

It is either a benign lesion or a benign version of an SCC
It grows rapidly but then disappears
There is no risk of metastasis

26
Q

What can squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) be caused by?

A

UV exposure
HPV
Immunosuppression (main cancer in organ transplant patients)

27
Q

How can you tell whether an SCC is well differentiated?

A

If the lesion has a keratin horn then it shows that the keratinocytes can still produce keratin and so they are well differentiated

28
Q

What is a basal cell carcinoma (BCC)?

A

Malignant tumour arising from keratinocytes in the basal layer of theepidermis

29
Q

Describe the appearance of BCCs

A

They are pearly, have a rolled edge and often have arborising telangiectasia

30
Q

Which viruses are associated with Kaposi sarcoma?

A

HHV8

HIV

31
Q

Effects of UVA and UVB on skin carcinogenesis

A

UVA contributes whereas UVB has more of a serious impact

32
Q

Features of melanomas

A

Atypical cells and architecture

Cused by genetic and UV factors

OV cancer (15 decks)

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