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Cancer CLASP > Cancer Behaviour > Flashcards

Cancer Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three groups of cancers

A

Epithelial, mesenchymal and haematological (also neuroectoderm which is a far smaller group)

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2
Q

What do you call epithelial malignancy

A

Carcinoma

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3
Q

What is the relationship between carcinomas and age

A

Risk increases associated with long term accumulation of environmental risk (children are rare)

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4
Q

What characterises epithelial malignancy

A

Local growth. Spreads by haematogenous and lymphatic routes.

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5
Q

Where does testicular carcinoma spread to

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes due to embryological development

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6
Q

Where do GI carcinomas generally spread to

A

The liver - other sites are rare

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7
Q

What are mesenchymal tumours

A

Soft tissue tumours (all kinds and connective tissue) called sarcomas

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8
Q

What do you call smooth muscle tumours

A

leiomyoma/sarcoma

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9
Q

What do you call skeletal muscle tumours

A

Rhabdomyoma/sarcoma

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10
Q

What do you call fat tumours

A

lipoma/liposarcoma

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11
Q

What do you call bone tumours

A

osteoma/osteosarcoma

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12
Q

What do you call cartilage tumours

A

Chondroma/ chondrosarcoma

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13
Q

What do you call blood vessel tumours

A

Haemangioma / angiosarcoma

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14
Q

What do you call nerve tumours

A

Neuroma/MPNST

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15
Q

What is the age distribution of sarcomas

A

more common in children

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16
Q

How do sarcomas spread

A

Local growth is the defining feature (they can get massive) lymphatic spread is very rare. can spread through the haematogenous route and disseminate wildly if left alone enough

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17
Q

What is the histology of sarcomas

A

Tend to be spindle cell lesions - elongated tapered cell shapes and a solid tumour

18
Q

What genetic changes are sarcomas generally associated with

A

Specific large translocations

19
Q

What are lymphomas

A

Mass like lesions in lymph nodes

20
Q

What are leukemias

A

Circulating malignant cells in the blood and bone marrow

21
Q

Why do haematological cancers not metastasise

A

Because they are already throughout the body

22
Q

Other than FBCs what are signs of a haemotological malignancy

A

Large lymph nodes not fitting drainage of an epithelial malignancy (diffuse spleen and liver involvement) and symptoms from marrow involvement (anaemic, bleeding and infections)

23
Q

What are B symptoms in a haematological malignancy

A

unpredictable - such as sweating (esp at night) and weight loss.
A main differential is infection

24
Q

What is the histology of haematological malignancy

A

Look like the cell of origin at low grade and quite monoclonal.
Solid white masses in lymph nodes.

25
Q

What is the common name for brain tumours

A

Gliomas

26
Q

What are lesions in the brain in older people normally

A

Metastases, esp if there are multiple

27
Q

Why is there no benign/malignant cut off in brain tumours

A

Brain is in an enclosed space so tumour growth effects surrounding tissue. Slow growing tumours can let the brain adapt but are still dangerous

28
Q

How are neuroectodermal tumours classified

A

Grade 1. 2 and 3 (no benign, pre malignant, malignant)

29
Q

How do neuroectodermal tumours spread

A

No metastases lymphatic or otherwise

30
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis of bladder cancer

A

Bone, liver, lung

31
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis of breast cancer

A

Bone, brain, liver lung

32
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis of colon cancers

A

Liver, lung, peritoneum

33
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis of kidney cancers

A

Adrenal gland, bone, brain, liver, lung

34
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis of lung cancer

A

Adrenal gland, bone, brain, liver, other lung

35
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis of melanomas

A

Bone, brain, liver, lung, skin, muscle

36
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis of ovary cancer

A

Liver, lung, peritoneum

37
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis of pancreatic cancer

A

Liver, lung, peritoneum

38
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis of prostate cancer

A

Adrenal gland, bone, liver lung (and generally anywhere)

39
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis of rectal cancer

A

Liver, lung, peritoneum

40
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis of stomach cancer

A

Liver, lung, peritoneum

41
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis of thyroid cancer

A

Bone, liver, lung

Cancer CLASP (7 decks)

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