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Cancer Biology > Cancer Biology > Flashcards

Cancer Biology Flashcards

HCOM (67 cards)

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1
Q

What is Hyperplasia

A

Increased number of cells

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2
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased size of cells

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3
Q

Dysplasia

A

disorderly proliferation

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4
Q

Neoplasia

A

abnormal new growth

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5
Q

Anaplasia

A

Lack of differentiation

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6
Q

Tumor

A

Any sweeping at first, now equated with neoplasia or abnormal growth

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7
Q

Metastasis

A

Growth at a distant site

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8
Q

How are Cancers Classified

A

Benign Tumor
Malignant Cancer
Leukemia and Lymphoma

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9
Q

What are Benign tumors? (omas)

A

Adenoma- Ademona=gland like
Fibroma=fibrous or connective tissue
Lipoma- Fat=lip

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10
Q

2 types of malignant cancers

A

carcinoma or sarcoma

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11
Q

What is carcinoma

A

A malignant tumor of epithelial tissue:

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12
Q

Adenocarcinoma is an example of

A

malignant cancer-pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

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13
Q

Sarcoma is an example of

A

Malignant Cancer-of connective tissue or other non-epithelial origin

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14
Q

Examples of sarcoma

A

Fibrosarcoma-fleshy=sar

Liposarcoma=lip means fat

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15
Q

Leukemia and Lymphoma are examples of

A

Cancers

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16
Q

Leukema

A

Originates in tissues that form blood cells

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17
Q

Lymphoma

A

originates in lymphatic tissue

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18
Q

Myeloma

A

Originates in bone marrow

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19
Q

Sarcoma and give 3 examples

A

Originates ins connective or supportive tissue (Bone, cartilage, muscle)

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20
Q

Neoplasms can be

A

Benign or Malignant

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21
Q

Bening Neoplasms are non invasive what are the 4 characteristics

A
  1. well defined borders
  2. well differentiated
  3. regular nuclei
  4. slow growth
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22
Q

Malignant neoplasms are invasive/metastatic. What are the 4 characteristics

A
  1. irregular borders
  2. poorly differentiated
  3. irregular, larger nuclei
  4. fast growth
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23
Q

Carcinomas originate from

A

epithelium

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24
Q

Sarcomas originate from

A

mesenchymal origin

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25
What are examples of mesenchymal origins for sarcomas?
``` fibroblasts blood vessels blood cells adipocytes bone cartilage ```
26
Uncontrolled cell division leading to growth of abnormal tissue know as tumors is
Cancer
27
Is cancer a genetic disease?
Yes
28
Majority of mutations that lead to cancer are
somatic
29
T/F some cancers can be inherited
True
30
What mutation in what cell leads to inheriting breast cancer
BRCA1, BRCA 2 mutations can lead to breast cancer via germ line mutations.
31
What Origins are cancer causing
``` chemical biological (viruses) environmental hormonal genetic mutations ```
32
What mutations lead to cancer
Viruses Bacteria Chemicals UV and Ionizing radiation
33
HPV causes H Pylori causes Chemicals cause UV/Ionizing radiation cause
cervical cancer gastric cancer lung cancer Skin cancer
34
What are mutagens
a chemical substance that causes genetic mutation
35
What is a DNA adduct?
DNA adduct is a segment of DNA bound to a carcinogen (Cancer-causing chemical)
36
What chemicals form DNA adducts?
Acetylaldehyde-tobacco Cisplatin-binds DNA causing crosslinks DMB-7,12 dimethylbnezyne antracene Malondialdenyde-lipid peroxidation
37
DNA damage can be divided into two sub groups what are they?
Endogenous and Exogenous
38
What are two ways that cause Endogenous DNA damage
Attacks by ROS from metabolic byproducts like Oxidative deamination Replication errors
39
What are two Exogenous ways to cause DNA damage
``` External agents such as: -UV rays (200-400nm) -radiation from sun, xray man made chemicals 2. Also replication of damaged DNA before cell division-->wrong bases incorporated-->daughter cells--> original DNA unrecoverable ```
40
How does UV and Ionizing radiation cause DNA damage? | 3 examples
Single and Double strand DNA breaks 1. UV-B light 2. UV-A light 3. Ionizing Radiation
41
UV-B light causes what and creates what kind of dimers?
Crosslinking between Cytosine and Thymine bases resulting in pyrimidine dimers.
42
Pyrimidine dimers is an example of what kind of DNA damage?
Direct
43
What does UV-A light do? What kind of DNA damage does it cause?
Creates free radicals. Damage is caused by Indirect DNA damage
44
Ionizing radiation does what?
Causes breaks in DNA strands-->transcriptional errors-->neoplasia-->pre-mature aging and cancer
45
What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer
``` self-sufficient growth signals resistance to anti growth signals immortality resistance to cell death sustained angiogenesis invasion and metasis ```
46
What are viral insertional mutations?
Random viral insertions in the genome
47
Name 3 oncogenes
Ras, Myc, Notch
48
How are What is the normal function of RAS MYC NOTCH
cell growth gene transcripiton
49
What is the GUARDIAN OF CELL CYCLE and is often inactivated in cancer
p53
50
Normally p53 functions to
DNA repair, cell cycle control and cell death
51
Proto-oncogenes
Oncogenes in normal cells | more than 100 on different chromosomes
52
Proto oncogenes can be activated by
``` promoter insertion enhancer insertion gene amplification point mutation chromosomal translocations burkitts lymphoma ```
53
What does chromosomal translocation on Philadelphia chromosome cause?
Chronic myeloid leukemia
54
Burkitts lymphoma is caused by
an issue with chromosome 8 (c-myc) and 14 (IgG)
55
What Cancer does EBC cause
Nasopharyngeal
56
What cancer does HPV cause
Uterine cervical
57
what cancer does hepatitis B Virus cause
liver
58
What are the 4 tumor suppressors
p53 Rb Brca1/2 WT
59
``` What tumor suppressor is linked to the cancer? Breast/colon cancer Retinoblastoma in children Breast Cancer Wilms Tumor ```
p53 Rb Brca 1/2 Wt
60
p53 is the most frequently mutated gene...why is he crucial?
Prevents cancer formation
61
p53 gene encodes proteins that bind DNA and___ to prevent mutations of the genome
regulate gene expression
62
p53 senses Halts Initiates
Senses genomic damage Halts the cell cycle initiates DNA repair and eventual apoptosis if DNA is irreparable
63
Problems in p53 occur at the DNA binding domain in which
p53 can't bind to target DNA sequences. | Sooooooo p53 can't regulate transcriptional activation of DNA repair.
64
Notch Signaling Mutation
causes notches in fly wings as well as cancer-leukemia
65
Notch 1,3,4 is associated with
Warburg Effect
66
Notch 2 associated with
Cancer Cachexia-->apoptosis and cell death
67
What are the 4 notch receptors and their cell fates
Notch 1-Stem Cell Renewal Notch 2-Proliferation--> cell death and apoptosis Notch 3-Differentiation Notch 4-Apoptosis

Cancer Biology (1 decks)

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