Cancer Biology

Question 1

Neoplasm

Answer 1

Growth of tumor is uncoordinated with surrounding cells

Question 2

Bengin Neoplasm

Answer 2

localized and Encapsulation - fibrous CT around tumor

Question 3

Malignant neoplasm

Answer 3

invades surrounding tissue.

Metastases

Question 4

4 groups of cancer

Answer 4

Epithelial
Mesenchymal
Hematopoietic
Neuroectodermal

Question 5

Basement Membrane

Answer 5

Separates epithelium from stroma

Question 6

Stroma

Answer 6

Supportive tissue of CT and BLD vessels

Question 7

Squamous cell Carcinomas

Answer 7

cells lining Cavities

Question 8

Adenocarcinomas

Answer 8

cells that secrete substance into cavities

Question 9

Sarcomas

Answer 9

form from mesenchymal cells

muscle, bone, CT

Question 10

Hematopoietic

Answer 10

circulatory and immune system

Question 11

Neuroectodermal

Answer 11

components of the nervous system

Question 12

Anaplastic

Answer 12

unable to identfiy cell of origin

Question 13

Hyperplasia

Answer 13

increase number of cellls

Question 14

Hypertrophy

Answer 14

increase in size of cells

Question 15

Metaplasia

Answer 15

replacement of one type of cell by anouther

Question 16

Dysplasia

Answer 16

alteration of adult cells characterized by variation in size, shape, structure or orientation

Question 17

Morphology

Answer 17

shape and structure of the cell

Question 18

In situ

Answer 18

cancer in layer of cells where developed

Question 19

Warburg effect

Answer 19

Cancer cells use gylcolysis only

Question 20

Mutagens

Answer 20

Cause mutations

Question 21

Carcinogens

Answer 21

Cause Cancer

Question 22

Euchromatin

Answer 22

Normal, undergoes condensation and decondensation during cell cycle

Question 23

Heterochromatin

Answer 23

Remains condened throughout cell cycle

Question 24

Histone proteins

Answer 24

Small positively charged proteins. 5 types: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

Question 25

Euploid

Answer 25

Normal number of chromosomes

Question 26

Aneuploid

Answer 26

abnormal number of chromosomes

Question 27

Chromosome Instability (CIN)

Answer 27

Changes in chromosome number and structure

Question 28

Alternative splicing

Answer 28

produces different mRNA

Question 29

Epigenetics

Answer 29

Alteration to DNA that do not include changes in the Base sequence affect the way in which the DNA sequences are expressed

Question 30

Nomenclature

Answer 30

nonhuman genes are LC and itlaisizyed Nonhuman proteins Capitalize frist letter no italics Human genes are cap and ital Human proteins are cap no Ital

Question 31

Gene Amplification

Answer 31

Expansion in copy number of gene within the genome of a cell

Question 32

Gene Mutation

Answer 32

Somatic mutations in normal growth controlling genes convert proto-oncogenes to oncogenes

Question 33

Chromosomal Rearrangements

Answer 33

usually Translocation/inversion

Question 34

Capsid

Answer 34

protein coat on virus

Question 35

Vitulent

Answer 35

Kills host

Question 36

Temperate

Answer 36

host survives

Question 37

Transformation

Answer 37

conversion of normal cell into tumor cell

Question 38

In vitro

Answer 38

outside living organism

Question 39

Foci/focus

Answer 39

cluster of cells

Question 40

Contact inhibition

Answer 40

cells stop proliferating once they form a monolayer

Question 41

Anchorage independence

Answer 41

Ability to grow without attchment to solid substrate

Question 42

Immortalization

Answer 42

Ability to proliferate indefinitely

Question 43

Properties of Transformed cells

Answer 43

``` altered morphology Loss of Contact inhibition anchorage independence immortalization reduce req for growth factors high saturation dnesity inability to halt proliferation ```

Question 44

oncogene

Answer 44

gene capable of transforming a normal cell into tumor

Question 45

proto-oncogene

Answer 45

normal, essential genes, precursor to an active oncogene

Question 46

gatekeepers

Answer 46

allow/disallow cell progression through cell cycle

Question 47

caretakers

Answer 47

maintain genome integrity by controlling rate mutation accumulation

Question 48

sporadic

Answer 48

no family history

Question 49

familial

Answer 49

parent with retinoblastoma

Question 50

Knudson's 2 hit Hypothesis

Answer 50

first hit usually point mutation. Second hit is deletion = cancer

Question 51

Loss of heterozygosity

Answer 51

``` eleminate WT copy of Tumor Supressors(TS) by Mitotic Recomb Gene conversion Hemizygostity Nondisjunction used to find TS ```

Question 52

RFLP analysis

Answer 52

restriction fragment length polymorphism

Question 53

Promoter methylation

Answer 53

inactivation of TS genes add a cytosine base heritable