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Year 2.2 Exams > Cancer Biology Glossary > Flashcards

Cancer Biology Glossary Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Cancer

A

Cancer - A group of diseases in which cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming a malignant tumour and invading other parts of the body.

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2
Q

Malignant cell

A

Malignant cell - Cell with cancerous properties

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3
Q

Benin tumour

A

Benign tumour - Clinically problematic tumour without capacity to spread

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4
Q

Neoplasia

A

Neoplasia - The presence or formation of new, abnormal growth of tissue.

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5
Q

Metastasis

A

Metastasis - The movement of cancer cells from their site of origin to a new location.

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6
Q

Somatic mutation

A

Somatic mutation - A mutation that occurs (in any cell of the body) AFTER conception. These are passed on to daughter cells only.

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7
Q

Germline mutation

A

Germline mutation - A mutation that occurs in the germ cells (sperm or egg) and so is passed on to all cells in the body off the offspring, as well as to their offspring.

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8
Q

Apoptosis

A

Apoptosis - Programmed cell death, a process that eliminates faulty cells.

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9
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Angiogenesis - Blood vessel formation

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10
Q

Biomarker

A

Biomarker - A molecule (e.g. gene, protein, nucleic acid) that is informative about the presence or extent/stage of a disease.

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11
Q

Biopsy

A

Biopsy - A small sample of cells or tissue removed for examination to determine the presence and/or stage of disease.

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12
Q

Carcniogen

A

Carcinogen - A substance, exposure to which increases the risk of cancer developing.

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13
Q

Carcinoma

A

Carcinoma - Cancers which develop in the epithelial cells and develop within an organ or gland

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14
Q

Sarcoma

A

Sarcoma - Cancers which arise in supporting tissue (such as bond, cartilage, fat, connective tissue or muscle)

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15
Q

Lymphoma

A

Lymphoma - Cancers which arise in lymphocytes and can be either Hodgkin’s or non-Hodgkin’s (divided into B and T cell)

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16
Q

Myeloma

A

Myeloma - Cancers in the immune system in antibody-producing plasma cells

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17
Q

Leukaemia

A

Leukaemia - Blood cancers arising in immature blood cells which grow in bone marrow and accumulate in the blood (can be chronic or acute and may effect lymphocytes (lymphatic) or myeloid cells (myelogenous)

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18
Q

Enabling characteristics

A

Enabling characteristics - Characteristics a cell requires to be able to develop into a cancer

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19
Q

Emerging characteristics

A

Emerging characteristics - Characteristics which are pivotal in cancer cells

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20
Q

Cellular signalling

A

Cellular signalling - The interchange of information between a cell and its environment

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21
Q

Juxtamembrane

A

Juxtamembrane - This domain of an RTK is the intracellular region adjacent to the transmembrane domain that is not part of the kinase domain

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22
Q

Apoptosis

A

Apoptosis - Complex programme of cellular self-destruction triggered by a variety of stimuli and involving the activation of caspase enzymes that results in quick fragmentation of phagocytosis of a cell

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23
Q

Efferocytosis

A

Efferocytosis - Process by which apoptotic cells are removed by phagocytic cells

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24
Q

Anoikis

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A

Anoikis - A specific variant of intrinsic apoptosis initiated by the loss of integrin-dependent attachment to the extracellular matrix

25
Mitotic catastrophe
Mitotic catastrophe - Cells fail to undergo mitosis due to chromosome damage
26
Sensecence
Senescence - Cells metabolically alive but unable to divide
27
Autophagy
Autophagy - Genetically programmed self-digestion, caspase- and p53-independent
28
Necrosis
Necrosis - Cell death which is not genetically determined, caspase-independent
29
Anastasis
Anastasis - A cell death related behaviour where survival from a transient stimulus that activates executioner-caspase and would be lethal if sustained
30
Proto-oncogene
Proto-oncogene - A normal gene which, when changed by a mutation becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer
31
Oncogene
Oncogene - A gene that encodes for a protein whose activation, overexpression or mutation have the potential to promote oncogenesis.
32
Oncogenesis
Oncogenesis - Process through which healthy cells become transformed into cancer cells (aka. carcinogenesis)
33
Oncovirus
Oncovirus - A virus that can cause cancer
34
Retivirus
Retrovirus - A class of RNA viruses that can produce double-stranded DNA copies of their genome that then integrate into the chromosome of the host cell.
35
Tumour suppressor
Tumour suppressor - A gene that encodes for a protein which can slow down cell growth/division and promote apoptosis when needed.
36
Proto-oncogene
Proto-oncogenes - Genes which promote cell growth
37
Tumour cell plasticity
Tumour cell plasticity - The ability of a cancerous cell to change between EMT and MET
38
In vitro
In vitro - Performed or taking place in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism.
39
In vivo
In vivo - Performed or taking place in a living organism
40
Cell migration
Cell migration - Movement of cells from one location to another either randomly or as directed by a stimulus (chemokine)
41
Invasion
Invasion - Movement of cells through a 3D ECM
42
Anaplerosis
Anaplerosis - Reactions in intermediate steps of a metabolic reaction
43
Free radicans
Free Radicals - Compounds which contain unpaired valance shell electrons
44
Antigens
Antigen - Substance able to produce an immune response (typically peptides)
45
Cytokines
Cytokines - Molecules secreted by immune cells affecting function of other immune cells expressing the appropriate corresponding receptors to promote inflammation and a strong immune response or dampen others.
46
Inflammation
Inflammation - A signal to alert cells of the immune system of an ongoing danger
47
Hormone
Hormone - Naturally occurring substances that are produced in specific parts of our bodies and act as chemical messengers.
48
Replication selective
Replication selective - Treatment where virus replication occurs in only tumour cells
49
Anti-angiogenic
Anti-angiogenic - Drugs to stop tumours growing their own blood vessels
50
Adjuvant therapy
Adjuvant therapy - -Treatment given in addition to the primary treatment
51
Cancer grade
Cancer grade - Describes the appearance of tumour compared to original normal cells
52
Cancer stage
Cancer stage - Describes the size of tumour and how far it has spread from the original site
53
Neuoadjuvant therapy
Neoadjuvant therapy - Treatment given to shrink the tumour before the primary treatment
54
Germline mutation
Germline mutation - Genetic alteration in sperm/ovum that's incorporated into every cell of the offspring
55
Complete remission
Complete remission - Treatment has eliminated cancer as measured by clinical test. Does not mean a cure.
56
Somatic mutation
Somatic mutation - Alteration occurring after conception, in any cell/tissue, not passed onto offspring
57
Ototoxicity
Ototoxicity - Toxic to the ears
58
Diaphoresis
Diaphoresis - Sweating
59
Stem cells
Stem cells - Progenitors of normal tissue

Year 2.2 Exams (2 decks)

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