Cancer Development (exam 1)

Question 1

What is an increase in tissue size (cell growth)?

Answer 1

hypertrophy

Question 2

What is an increase in the number of tissue cells (cell growth)?

Answer 2

hyperplasia

Question 3

What does “neo” mean?

Answer 3

new growth

Question 4

What is a neoplasm?

Answer 4

tumor

Question 5

Neoplasms can either be ___ or ___.

Answer 5

benign or malignant

Question 6

Any new or continued growth not needed for normal development or replacement of dead or damaged tissues

Answer 6

tumor

Question 7

Noncancerous tumor

Answer 7

benign

Question 8

Cancerous tumor

Answer 8

malignant

Question 9

Which tumor does not always require intervention?

Answer 9

benign

Question 10

What is the biology of a normal cell under the microscope?

Answer 10

1. specific morphology (specific to where it belongs, cardiac, skin, etc.)
2. small nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (smaller nuclear to a bigger cytoplasmic)
3. differentiated function
4. tight adherence because of proteins (sticking close together
5. nonmigratory (stays in place, does not move around)
6. orderly and well generated growth (mitosis- cyclic pattern that splits one cell into two, skin/GI/mucous cells regenerate more frequently)
7. contact inhibition (does not goes pass boundaries)
8. Apoptosis (dies on a schedule basis)
9. Normal chromosomes (23 pairs in every cell)

Question 11

What are the phases of the cell cycle in order?

Answer 11

G0, G1, S, G2, M

Question 12

In this phase, cells actively carry out there function but do not divide, Where normal cells spend most of their live.

Answer 12

G0

Question 13

In this phase, the cell is getting ready for division by taking on extra nutrients, making more energy and growing extra membrane. The amount of cytoplasm increases.

Answer 13

G1

Question 14

In this phase, the cells double its DNA synthesis.

Answer 14

S

Question 15

In this phase, the cell makes important proteins that will be used in actual cell division and in normal physiologic function after cell division is complete.

Answer 15

G2

Question 16

In this phase, the single cells splits apart into two cells(actual mitosis).

Answer 16

M

Question 17

What are the features of a benign tumor cell?

Answer 17

1. continuous or inappropriate cell growth
2. specific morphology
3. small nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
4. specific differentiated functions
5. tight adherence
6. no migration
7. orderly growth
8. normal chromosomes

Question 18

What is the differences in features of a normal vs benign cell?

Answer 18

benign cells have continuous or inappropriate cell growth

Question 19

What are the features of malignant cancer cells?

Answer 19

1. rapid or continuous cell division
2. anaplasia (cells does not look like parent cells)
3. Larger nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
4. specific function lost
5. loose adherence
6. migration
7. rapid continuous
8. abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy) DNA is not normal

Question 20

Carinogenesis/oncogenes =

Answer 20

cancer development

Question 21

Malignant transformation occurs through these stages

Answer 21

initiation, promotion, progression and metastasis

Question 22

The first step in carcinogenesis, excessive cell division.

Answer 22

imitation

Question 23

The second step, that involves promoters (enhanced growth of an initiated cell by substances) and the latency period (the time between a cell’s initiation and the development of an overt tumor, which can range from month to years).

Answer 23

promotion

Question 24

The third step, continued growth, after cancer cells have grown to the point that a detectable tumor is formed (a 1 cm tumor has at least 1 billion cells in it).

Answer 24

progression

Question 25

The final step, when cancer cells move from the primary location by breaking off from the original group and establish remote colonies.

Answer 25

metastasis

Question 26

Metastasis occurs through

Answer 26

1. extension into surrounding tissues 2. blood vessel penetration 3. release of tumor cells 4. invasion 5. local seeding (can occur during surgery from left over tumor cells) 6. bloodborne metastasis 7. lymphatic spread

Question 27

What are the 4 stages of metastasis?

Answer 27

1. malignant transformation 2. tumor vascularization 3. blood vessel penetration 4. arrest and invasion

Question 28

Some normal cubodial cells have undergone malignant transformation and have divided enough times to form a tumorous area within the cubodial epithelium during this stage

Answer 28

malignant transformation

Question 29

Cancer cells secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stimulating the blood vessels to bud and form new channels that grow into the tumor during this stage

Answer 29

tumor vascularization

Question 30

Cancer cells have broken off from the main tumor. Enzymes on the surface of the tumor cells make holes in the blood vessels, allowing cancer cells to enter blood vessels and travel around the body during this stage

Answer 30

blood vessel penetration

Question 31

Cancer cells clump up the blood vessel walls and invade new tissue areas. if the new tissue areas have the right conditions to support continued growth of cancer cells, new tumors (metastatic tumors) will form at this site during this stage

Answer 31

arrest and invasion

Question 32

Cancer classification (7)

Answer 32

1. tissue of origin 2. grading 3. ploidy 4. staging 5. TNM 6. doubling time 7. mitotic index

Question 33

Tissue of origin

Answer 33

the type of tissue from which the cancer arise (liver, blood vessel, bone, nerve tissue, kidney, glial cells/brain. etc.)

Question 34

Grading

Answer 34

classifies cellular aspect of the cancer (Gx, G1, G2, G3, G4). Gx= can't grade G1= slightly different from parent cell G4= a whole lot different

Question 35

Ploidy

Answer 35

classifies tumor chromosomes as normal (euploidy) or abnormal (aneuploidy)

Question 36

Staging

Answer 36

classifies clinical aspects of the cancer (clinical, surgical, pathologic/most definitive)

Question 37

TNM

Answer 37

tumor, node, metastasis

Question 38

Doubling time

Answer 38

the amount of time it takes for a tumor to double in size

Question 39

Mitotic index

Answer 39

the percentage of actively dividing cells within a tumor

Question 40

Staging of primary tumor (T)

Answer 40

``` Tx= primary tumor cannot be assessed To= no evidence of primary tumor Tis= carcinoma in situ (barely seen) T1-4= increasing size and/or local extent of the primary tumor ```

Question 41

Staging of regional lymph node (N)

Answer 41

``` Nx= regional lymph node cannot be assessed No= no regional lymph node metastasis N1-3= increasing involvement of regional lymph node ```

Question 42

Staging of distant metastasis (M)

Answer 42

``` Mx= presence of distant metastasis cannot be assessed Mo= no distant metastasis M2= distant metastasis ```

Question 43

What is the main mechanism of carcinogensis?

Answer 43

oncogene activation

Question 44

Oncogenes are either __ or __ in all cells.

Answer 44

expressed or suppressed

Question 45

Overexpression occurs with ___ DNA that results in ___ suppressor genes.

Answer 45

damaged, damaged

Question 46

Cancer development depends on...

Answer 46

1. exposure to carcinogens 2. genetic predisposition 3. immune function (HIV, organ transplants, medications, etc.)

Question 47

Chemical carcinogens include:

Answer 47

tobacco, alcohol

Question 48

Physical carcinogens include:

Answer 48

radiation (damages DNA), chronic irritation

Question 49

Viral carcinogens include:

Answer 49

onocoviruses (HPV causing cervical cancer, hepatitis B causing liver cancer, Epstein-Barr virus causing lymphoma, etc.)

Question 50

Dietary factors include:

Answer 50

low fiber intake, high intake of red meat | preventative measures include eating green leafy vegetables

Question 51

Personal factors include:

Answer 51

immune function, age (because we are living longer), genetic risk

Question 52

What are the warning signs?

Answer 52

``` C- changes in bowel or bladder habits A- a sore that does not heal U- unusual bleeding or discharge T- thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere I- indigestion or difficulty swallowing O- obvious change in wart or mole N- nagging cough or hoarseness ```

Question 53

Primary cancer prevention include:

Answer 53

1. avoidance of known potential carcinogens 2. modification of associated factors 3. removal of "at risk" tissue (moles, colon polyps) 4. chemoprevention 5. vaccination

Question 54

Secondary cancer prevention include:

Answer 54

1. regular screenings (pap smear, skin check, mammography, beast examination, rectal examination) 2. genetic screening