Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Question 1

Predisposition to neoplasia

Answer 1

Heredity
Age (older, young for certain cancers)
Gender
Pigmentation (lack of)
Hormones
Chronic irritation (damaging cells)
Parasites (spirocercalupi)

Question 2

Old age

Answer 2

↑ with age
High incidence in companion animals
↑ incidence in the third trimester

Question 3

Young age

Answer 3

Young dogs (< 6 m) have high incidence of hematopoietic, skin and brain tumors
Mast cell tumor (boxers)
Lymphoid neoplasia (cats and cattle)
Mesotheliomas (neonatal calves)
Cutaneous neoplasms (young horses)

Question 4

Boxers

Answer 4

High incidence of neoplasia (mast cell tumors)

Question 5

german shepherds

Answer 5

Hemangiosarcoma (spleen and r. atrium)

Question 6

Large breed dogs

Answer 6

Osteosarcomas

Question 7

BRachycephalic breeds

Answer 7

CNS and aortic body tumors

Question 8

Sinclair and Hormel mini pigs and Duroc jersey swine

Answer 8

Melanomas

Question 9

Bernese mountain dogs

Answer 9

Malignant histiocytosis

Question 10

Cattle, horses

Answer 10

Granulosa thecal cell tumor (ovary)

Question 11

Cats, cattle

Answer 11

Lymphosarcoma, leukemia (FeLV, BLV)

Question 12

Horses

Answer 12

Sarcoid, pendunculated lipoma

Question 13

Dogs

Answer 13

mammary gland neoplasia

Question 14

Chickens

Answer 14

Marek’s disease- herpesvirus

Question 15

Pigmentation

Answer 15

White coated animals → squamous cell carcinoma
Grey horses Melanomas

Question 16

Parasite increasing sarcomas:

Answer 16

Spirocera lupi (+ chronic infection)

Question 17

Hormones

Answer 17

Excessive hormone stimulation
Associated with genetic predisposition to tumor formation (mammary and circumanal/ perianal gland tumors)

Question 18

Canine mammary neoplasia incidence

Answer 18

OVH before first estrus: 1/100 dogs
OVH after first estrus: 1/12 dogs (8%)
OVH after second estrus: 1/4 dogs (25%)

Question 19

Clinical effects of neoplasia

Answer 19

Atropy of surrounding cells, obstruction of lumen or organs
Tissue, blood or lymph supply, n. supply destruction
Bacterial invasion of neoplasm, anemia, hormone production, death, spontaneous regression or recovery

Question 20

Clinical features of neoplasms

Answer 20

Clinical abnormality with organ affected
Cancer cachexia
Outward lesions
Paraneoplastic syndromes

Question 21

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 21

Systemic complication or illness of neoplasia remote from the primary tumor
Could cause illness/ death

Question 22

Paraneoplastic syndrome treatment

Answer 22

Concentration of product decreases after removal or treatment of neoplasm
Product concentrations maintained after removing normal gland that controls the product secretion

Question 23

Categories of paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 23

Endocrinopathies (hypercalcemia of malignancy and cushing’s)
Neuromuscular disorders
Dermatologic Disorders
Osseous, Articular and soft tissue changes (hypertrophic osteoarthropathy)
Hematologic and vascular changes

Question 24

Cushing’s

Answer 24

Small cell cancer of the lung
Pancreatic carcinoma and neural tumors
ACTH

Question 25

Hypercalcemia of malignancy

Answer 25

Squamous cell carcinoma of lung Renal or breast carcinoma Adult lymphoma/ leukemia PTH-like, TGFa, VD

Question 26

Polycythemia

Answer 26

Renal carcinoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Erythropoietin

Question 27

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

Answer 27

Occurs with pulmonary tumors - lung adenocarcinoma Proliferation of osseous tissue in the bones of distal limbs

Question 28

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 28

Thymoma paraneoplastic syndrome Thymic neoplastic cells produce anti-Ach receptor Abs

Question 29

Pathological dx of neoplasms

Answer 29

Biopsy (H&E) with special stains and immunohistochemistry Cytology Glor cytometry Necropsy

Question 30

__________ is more valuable in a clinical setting

Answer 30

Staging

Question 31

Grading

Answer 31

Estimates aggressiveness based on cytologic differentiation of tumor cells and # of mitoses Grades 1-4, varied with tumor type Reflects ↑anaplasia

Question 32

Staging

Answer 32

Size of tumor, extent of spread to LNs, presence or absence of metastases

Question 33

The TNM System- UnionInternational Contre Cancer (UICC)

Answer 33

T: tumor size, T1-T4 N: node involvement N0 -... M: absence of presence of metastases M0-M1 *based on tumor type*

Question 34

Conventional treatment

Answer 34

Surgery Chemotherapy Radium Immunotherapy

Question 35

Surgery.

Answer 35

Wide margins (3 cm all sides) Ink surgical margins, tag with suture

Question 36

Chemotherapy

Answer 36

Alkylating Agents Antibiotic antineoplastics (DNA damage) Mitiotic inhibitors (binds to tubulin) Hormones (prednisone- lympholytic)

Question 37

Alkylating agents

Answer 37

Alkylates DNA → miscoding and cross linking DNA strands Cell cycle nonspecific, active in resting

Question 38

Radiation

Answer 38

Radiation beams (external) Radioisotropes (internal)- I-131- radioactive iodine

Question 39

Immunomodulatory therapy

Answer 39

Modulate immune system 1st USDA approved canine vx for melanoma (Oncept) Monoclonal Abs for B cells (blontress) and T cells (tactress)

Question 40

Unconventional treatments

Answer 40

Holistic therapy Special diets Acupuncture