Cancer Genetics

Question 1

According to Otto Warburg that cancer is due to what?

Answer 1

Abnormal metabolism of oxygen

Question 2

All cancer originate from a single cell?

T or F

Answer 2

T

Question 3

How many mutated cancer gene is required for the development of most solid tumors?

Answer 3

3 mutated genes

Question 4

How many mutated gene is required for liquid tumors, sarcomas and childhood tumors?

Answer 4

2 mutated genes

Question 5

One or 2 mutations is sufficient for?

Answer 5

Benign tumorigenesis

Question 6

Cancer mutation gene affect the cell by proliferating more than dying.

T or F

Answer 6

T

Question 7

It influence the growth of cell

Answer 7

Tumor suppressor genes

Question 8

It acquires mutations that typically relieve control and lead to increased activity of gene products

Answer 8

Oncogenes

Question 9

How many alleles must be inactivated to lose the function of tumor suppressor genes

Answer 9

2 alleles

Question 10

How many genes should be required to activate an oncogene

Answer 10

One genetic event

Question 11

The agent responsible for the transmission of CA

Answer 11

Retrovirus

Question 12

It is a common mechanism of oncogene activation

Answer 12

POINT MUTATION

Question 13

SECOND mechanism for activation of oncogenes

Answer 13

DNA amplification

Question 14

What is the prognosis of amplification of a cellular gene

Answer 14

Poor prognosis

Question 15

The chromosomal alterations in solid tumors like carcinoma?

Answer 15

Heterogenous and comples

Question 16

It is the chromosome alteration in myeloid and lymphoid tumors?

Answer 16

Simple translocations

Question 17

It is usually observed in liquid tumors and common in lymphoid tumors

Answer 17

Translocation

Question 18

It is a translocation that is identified in solid tumors like prostate CA

Answer 18

Recurrent translocation

Question 19

It blocks the activity of Abl tyrosine kinase and has efficacy with little toxicity in CML

Answer 19

Imatinib

Question 20

Abnormal number of chromosome in solid tumor is

Answer 20

Aneuploidy

Question 21

3 types of lesions observed in tumor suppressor genes

Answer 21

• point mutations
• indels
• large deletions

Question 22

It indicates the presence of tumor suppressor gene

Answer 22

LOH

Loss of heterozygosity

Question 23

Leads to loss of gene expression occurs in conjunction with hypermethylation of promoter and histone deacetylation and another mechanism for TSG inactivation

Answer 23

Gene slicing

Question 24

It is the covalent modification of chromatin

Answer 24

Epigenetic modification

Question 25

It is inherited in colon cancer syndrome and caused by germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 5

Answer 25

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Question 26

HNPCC can be considered a disease of a tumor progression T or F

Answer 26

T

Question 27

2 pillars of cancer development

Answer 27

FAP and HNPCC

Question 28

MSI and chromosomal instability are exclusive of what cancer?

Answer 28

Colon CA

Question 29

It is used to predict risk of cancers in individuals of affected families

Answer 29

DNA testing

Question 30

High risk types 16 and 18 are strongly associated with the development of what cancers?

Answer 30

``` Cervical Vulvar Vaginal Anal Penile Oropharyngeal ```

Question 31

Common solid tumors have how many mutations?

Answer 31

30-70

Question 32

Liquid tumors, lymphoma, leukemia and pediatric tumors have how many mutations?

Answer 32

Fewer than 20

Question 33

Among tumors if the same type from different patients?

Answer 33

Type 1 heterogeneity

Question 34

The reason for a decrease in heterogeneity is what?

Answer 34

Clonal expansion

Question 35

It is among different cells from the same primary tumor

Answer 35

Type 2 heterogeneity

Question 36

It refers to genetic differences among the founder cels of metastatic lesions from the same patient?

Answer 36

Type 3 heterogeneity

Question 37

It refers to that among cells of individual metastatic lesions

Answer 37

Type IV