Cancer II

Question 1

cancers are typically named according to ____

Answer 1

tissue of origin + suffix “-oma”

Question 2

benign tumor names

Answer 2

• lipoma: fat cells
• pituitary adenoma: neuroendocrine cells
• leimoyoma: smooth muscle cells
• chondroma: cartilage cells
• rhabdomyoma: striated muscle cells

Question 3

malignant tumor nomenclature:

carcinoma

Answer 3

• epithelial origin

- ex: adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma

Question 4

malignant tumor nomenclature:

sarcoma

Answer 4

• connective tissue origin

- chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma

Question 5

malignant tumor nomenclature:

lymphoma

Answer 5

lymphatic tissue origin

Question 6

malignant tumor nomenclature:

leukemia

Answer 6

blood-forming cell origin

Question 7

eye cancers

Answer 7

• uveal melanoma
• primary intraocular lymphoma
• retinoblastoma
• orbital/adnexal cancers
• metastatic cancers

Question 8

characteristics of benign tumors

Answer 8

• grow slowly
• well-defined capsule
• not invasive
• well differentiated
• low mitotic index
• do not metastasize

Question 9

characteristics of malignant tumors

Answer 9

• grow rapidly
• not encapsulated
• invasive
• poorly differentiated (anaplastic)
• high mitotic index
• can spread distantly (metastasis)

Question 10

deadliest aspect of malignant tumors

Answer 10

metastasis

Question 11

tumor grading

Answer 11

• assesses cellular differentiation
• histological grade (amount of anaplasia)
• nuclear grade (size and shape of nucleus, % of tumor cells dividing)
• low grade= growing and spreading slowly
• high grade= growing and spreading quickly

Question 12

tumor doubling time

Answer 12

• measure of malignancy
• how fast does it double in size?
• a way to quantify how fast malignant cells populate
• shorter doubling time= more malignant

Question 13

local spread

Answer 13

direct invasion of contiguous organs by breaking through the basement membrane

Question 14

metastases to distant organs via ____

Answer 14

lymphatic system or blood

Question 15

metastases by way of ____

Answer 15

implantation

Question 16

local spread and invasion

Answer 16

• cellular multiplication
• decreased cell-to-cell adhesion
• increased motility
• release of lytic enzymes
• mechanical pressure

Question 17

dysplasia

Answer 17

atypical hyperplasia, not causing damage yet

Question 18

in situ neoplasm

Answer 18

pre-invasive; intact basement membrane;

abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue

Question 19

squamous carcinoma-in-situ of the conjunctiva

Answer 19

aka conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN); rapid growth, inflammation, and angiogenesis without breaking through the basement membrane

Question 20

distant metastases often occurs in ____;

-examples?

Answer 20

the first capillary bed encountered;

colon –> liver; liver –> lung; lung –> brain

Question 21

meatstatic process

Answer 21

• direct or continuous extension
• penetration into vessels or body cavities
• transport into lymph or blood
• entry and growth in secondary sites

Question 22

angiogenesis

Answer 22

• growth of new vessels
• late stage of tumor growth
• initiated by secretion of angiogenic factors
• deprives neighboring tissues of oxygen and nutrients, which causes ischemia and necrosis

Question 23

benign tumors won’t cause ____ like a malignant tumor can

Answer 23

hemorrhaging and necrosis

Question 24

normal stem cells

Answer 24

• self-renewing

- multipotent

Question 25

stem cells in cancer

Answer 25

- may give rise to most or all cancers - very small % of cancer cells - can't get rid of cancer until stem cells are gone

Question 26

paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 26

- distant and/or systemic effects of a cancer as a result of substances secreted by the tumor - triggered by altered immune system - symptoms not directly associated with the tumor - usually a result of tumor-produced hormones - may be first signs of malignancy

Question 27

manifestations of paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 27

- mental aberration - neurologic disease - hypercalcemia - gynecomastia - Cushing disease - electrolyte imbalances

Question 28

paraneoplastic syndromes associated cancers

Answer 28

- lung carcinoma - renal cell carcinoma - tumors of endocrine glands

Question 29

how cancer causes pain

Answer 29

- little or no pain - pressure - obstruction - invasion of sensitive structures: bone, brain, and bowel - tissue destruction - inflammation

Question 30

causes of fatigue in cancer

Answer 30

- sleep disturbance - biochemical changes from disease and treatment - psychosocial factors - level of activity - nutritional status and environmental factors

Question 31

cancer causes cachexia

Answer 31

- present in 80% of cancer patients at death - most severe form of malnutrition - altered protein, lipid, carbohydrate metabolism - anorexia/weight loss

Question 32

clinical manifestations of cancer: | anemia

Answer 32

- medical therapies - chronic bleeding - severe malnutrition - malignancy in blood-forming organs

Question 33

clinical manifestations of cancer: | leukopenia and thrombocytopenia

Answer 33

- deficiency in white blood cells and platelets, respectively - increased risk of infection and hemorrhage - direct tumor invasion of the bone marrow - contributing factors: chemotherapy, malnutrition

Question 34

most common cause of death in cancer patients

Answer 34

infection

Question 35

increased risk of infection due to:

Answer 35

- low neutrophil and lymphocyte counts - disrupted epithelial barriers - surgery - nosocomial infections

Question 36

cancer treatment options: | mainstays of treatment

Answer 36

- chemotherapy - drug therapy - surgery - radiation therapy

Question 37

cancer treatment options: | emerging treatment

Answer 37

- immunotherapy - targeted molecular therapies (interferons, interleukins, monoclonal antibodies) - stem cell transplantation

Question 38

side effects of cancer treatment

Answer 38

- GI tract: mucositis**, malabsorption, nausea, diarrhea - hair and skin: alopecia, thinned and dry skin - reproductive tract: effects vary

Question 39

ocular effects of cancer treatment

Answer 39

- conjunctivitis - dry eyes - epiphoria - photophobia - corneal deposits - cataracts - pigmentary retinopathy - macular edema - retinal ischemia - optic neuritis