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IPT Hem_Onc > Cancer Overview and Staging > Flashcards

Cancer Overview and Staging Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer is a group of many different diseases characterized by

A

Uncontrolled cellular growth, local tissue invasion, distant metastases

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2
Q

Cancer is the ________ leading cause of death in Americans.

A

Second

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3
Q

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process that includes

A

Initiation, Promotion, Conversion, and Progression

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4
Q

Vinblastine is which type of chemotherapy agent

A

Antimicrotubule, vinca alkaloid

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5
Q

Which cancer occurs most often in women?

A

Breast Cancer

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6
Q

Which cancer causes the most deaths in men and women?

A

Lung Cancer

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7
Q

Exposure of normal cells to carcinogens is which step in carcinogenesis?

A

Initiation

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8
Q

Carcinogens or other factors alter the environment to favor growth of the altered cell population is which step in carcinogenesis.

A

Promotion

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9
Q

Conversion is the step in carcinogenesis when?

A

The altered cell becomes cancerous

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10
Q

Genetic alterations that lead to increased cell proliferation

A

Progression

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11
Q

What three actions can activate a proto-oncogene into an oncogen?

A

Point mutation, chromosomal rearrangement, or gene amplification

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12
Q

A gene that regulates and inhibits inappropriate cellular growth and proliferation

A

Tumor Suppressor Gene

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13
Q

One of the most common genetic alterations associated with cancer is?

A

Mutation of TP53

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14
Q

The tumor suppressor genes primarily associated with breast cancer.

A

BRCA1, BRCA2

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15
Q

Unique traits of cancer cells include

A

Stimulate their own growth, resist inhibitory signals, avoid programmed cell death, grow new blood vessels, invade local tissues, spread to metastatic sites

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16
Q

What are the five phases of the cell cycle

A

DNA replication (S phase), cell division (M phase), two resting phases (G1, G2) and a nondividing state (G0)

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17
Q

Apotosis is

A

Programmed cell death or suicide

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18
Q

Angiogenesis is

A

Development of new blood vessels

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19
Q

Cellular Senescence is

A

Cell death following a preset number of doublings when growth stops.

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20
Q

Gompertzian growth curve illustrates

A

The growth of most cancers

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21
Q

Clinically detectable disease occurs at

A

10 to the 9th cells

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22
Q

The body can use its own immune system to eliminate what size tumor burden?

A

10 to the 4th cells

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23
Q

A benign tumor of fibrous tissue is called a

A

Fibroma

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24
Q

A malignant tumor of the bone is called a

A

Osteosarcoma

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25
Q

The most common tissue type of cancer is

A

Adenocarcinoma

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26
Q

The most common staging system for solid tumors is the

A

TNM system

27
Q

Which type of chemotherapy agents are M phase specific in their mechanism of action?

A

Antimicrotubule agents, Topoisomerase II inhibitors

28
Q

Which type of chemotherapy agents are S Phase specific in their mechanism of action?

A

Antimetabolites, Topoisomerase II inhibitors

29
Q

Which type of chemotherapy agents affect multiple phases of the cell cycle?

A

Antitumor Antibiotics

30
Q

Which type of chemotherapy agents are cell cycle independent in their actions?

A

Alkylating agents

31
Q

What are the three main types of cancer treatment modalities?

A

Surgery, Radiation, Systemic anticancer agents

32
Q

Systemic anticancer agents include

A

chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy

33
Q

Surgery is the treatment of choice for

A

Most early stage cancers

34
Q

Surgery can be used to

A

Cure cancer, debulk cancer, remove isolated metastases, relieve symptoms associated with metastatic disease

35
Q

Radiation can be used to

A

Cure localized cancer or cancer in a single radiation field, alleviate symptoms

36
Q

Systemic therapy administered to eradicate micrometastatic disease after surgery or radiation.

A

Adjuvant therapy

37
Q

The effectiveness of adjuvant therapy is evaluated by

A

Recurrence rates and survival

38
Q

Systemic therapy given to patients before surgery or radiation therapy to reduce tumor burden and destroy micrometastases.

A

Neoadjuvant therapy

39
Q

The goal of treatment when cancer is local or regional.

A

Cure

40
Q

The goal of treatment when cancer is metastatic.

A

Palliation

41
Q

A cell-cycle phase-specific chemotherapy agent is also termed?

A

Schedule dependent

42
Q

A cell-cycle phase-nonspecific chemotherapy agens is called?

A

Not schedule dependent but dose dependent

43
Q

Chemotherapy regimens are usually comprised of

A

Multiple agents given on a repeating schedule called a cycle.

44
Q

Agents that stop cancer progression by blocking aberrant intracellular signaling pathways that govern cell responses, movement and division are called

A

Targeted anticancer agents

45
Q

Agents classified as immunotherapies include

A

Cytokines, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and therapeutic vaccines.

46
Q

In which two ways does immunotherapy work

A

Training the immune system to attack the cancer directly, administering immune components that result in a more general stimulation of the immune system

47
Q

Name the five potential types of responses to cancer treatment.

A

Cure, complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease, progression

48
Q

The response criteria for solid tumors is call

A

RECIST

49
Q

A major weakness of RECIST is that it does not account for

A

Pseudoprogression from immunotherapy

50
Q

Factors affecting anticancer therapy include

A

Tumor burden, cancer cell heterogeneity, drug resistance, dose intensity, and patient specific factors such as pharmacogenomics.

51
Q

Dose intensity which three variables

A

Dose per course, the interval between doses, and the total cumulative dose.

52
Q

Shortening of the usual interval between doses is called

A

Dose Density

53
Q

A molecular characteristic of the tumor that influences prognosis or predicts response to a specific therapy

A

Molecular biomarker

54
Q

A biomarker that predicts response to a specific therapeutic intervention

A

Predictive biomarker

55
Q

A predictive biomarker for response to trastuzumab in breast cancer

A

HER2 over expression

56
Q

Anticancer agents associated with myelosuppression can usually be given with the ANC and Platelet count are above

A

ANC 1500 cells/mm3

Platelet count of 100,000 cells/mm3

57
Q

Cytotoxic chemotherapy is usually does based on

A

Body surface area (BSA)

58
Q

CTCAE was developed by the National Cancer Institute to grade

A

Adverse reactions or toxicities

59
Q

Used assess how a patient’s disease
is progressing, assess how the disease affects the daily living abilities of the patient, and
determine appropriate treatment and prognosis.

A

ECOG performance status

60
Q

Cells that lose their ability to perform usual functions

A

Anaplasia

61
Q

Consolidation therapy is given once a patient is in

A

Remission

62
Q

Agent that can cause severe tissue damage when it escapes the vasculature.

A

Vesicant

63
Q

A 30% decrease in sum diameters of target lesions

A

Partial Response

64
Q

Cancer guidelines are published by at least three organizations. Those organizations are:

A

National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)
American Society of Clinical Oncology
Multinational Association of Supportive Case in Cancer

IPT Hem_Onc (2 decks)

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