Cancer Overview and Staging

Question 1

Cancer is a group of many different diseases characterized by

Answer 1

Uncontrolled cellular growth, local tissue invasion, distant metastases

Question 2

Cancer is the ________ leading cause of death in Americans.

Answer 2

Second

Question 3

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process that includes

Answer 3

Initiation, Promotion, Conversion, and Progression

Question 4

Vinblastine is which type of chemotherapy agent

Answer 4

Antimicrotubule, vinca alkaloid

Question 5

Which cancer occurs most often in women?

Answer 5

Breast Cancer

Question 6

Which cancer causes the most deaths in men and women?

Answer 6

Lung Cancer

Question 7

Exposure of normal cells to carcinogens is which step in carcinogenesis?

Answer 7

Initiation

Question 8

Carcinogens or other factors alter the environment to favor growth of the altered cell population is which step in carcinogenesis.

Answer 8

Promotion

Question 9

Conversion is the step in carcinogenesis when?

Answer 9

The altered cell becomes cancerous

Question 10

Genetic alterations that lead to increased cell proliferation

Answer 10

Progression

Question 11

What three actions can activate a proto-oncogene into an oncogen?

Answer 11

Point mutation, chromosomal rearrangement, or gene amplification

Question 12

A gene that regulates and inhibits inappropriate cellular growth and proliferation

Answer 12

Tumor Suppressor Gene

Question 13

One of the most common genetic alterations associated with cancer is?

Answer 13

Mutation of TP53

Question 14

The tumor suppressor genes primarily associated with breast cancer.

Answer 14

BRCA1, BRCA2

Question 15

Unique traits of cancer cells include

Answer 15

Stimulate their own growth, resist inhibitory signals, avoid programmed cell death, grow new blood vessels, invade local tissues, spread to metastatic sites

Question 16

What are the five phases of the cell cycle

Answer 16

DNA replication (S phase), cell division (M phase), two resting phases (G1, G2) and a nondividing state (G0)

Question 17

Apotosis is

Answer 17

Programmed cell death or suicide

Question 18

Angiogenesis is

Answer 18

Development of new blood vessels

Question 19

Cellular Senescence is

Answer 19

Cell death following a preset number of doublings when growth stops.

Question 20

Gompertzian growth curve illustrates

Answer 20

The growth of most cancers

Question 21

Clinically detectable disease occurs at

Answer 21

10 to the 9th cells

Question 22

The body can use its own immune system to eliminate what size tumor burden?

Answer 22

10 to the 4th cells

Question 23

A benign tumor of fibrous tissue is called a

Answer 23

Fibroma

Question 24

A malignant tumor of the bone is called a

Answer 24

Osteosarcoma

Question 25

The most common tissue type of cancer is

Answer 25

Adenocarcinoma

Question 26

The most common staging system for solid tumors is the

Answer 26

TNM system

Question 27

Which type of chemotherapy agents are M phase specific in their mechanism of action?

Answer 27

Antimicrotubule agents, Topoisomerase II inhibitors

Question 28

Which type of chemotherapy agents are S Phase specific in their mechanism of action?

Answer 28

Antimetabolites, Topoisomerase II inhibitors

Question 29

Which type of chemotherapy agents affect multiple phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 29

Antitumor Antibiotics

Question 30

Which type of chemotherapy agents are cell cycle independent in their actions?

Answer 30

Alkylating agents

Question 31

What are the three main types of cancer treatment modalities?

Answer 31

Surgery, Radiation, Systemic anticancer agents

Question 32

Systemic anticancer agents include

Answer 32

chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy

Question 33

Surgery is the treatment of choice for

Answer 33

Most early stage cancers

Question 34

Surgery can be used to

Answer 34

Cure cancer, debulk cancer, remove isolated metastases, relieve symptoms associated with metastatic disease

Question 35

Radiation can be used to

Answer 35

Cure localized cancer or cancer in a single radiation field, alleviate symptoms

Question 36

Systemic therapy administered to eradicate micrometastatic disease after surgery or radiation.

Answer 36

Adjuvant therapy

Question 37

The effectiveness of adjuvant therapy is evaluated by

Answer 37

Recurrence rates and survival

Question 38

Systemic therapy given to patients before surgery or radiation therapy to reduce tumor burden and destroy micrometastases.

Answer 38

Neoadjuvant therapy

Question 39

The goal of treatment when cancer is local or regional.

Answer 39

Cure

Question 40

The goal of treatment when cancer is metastatic.

Answer 40

Palliation

Question 41

A cell-cycle phase-specific chemotherapy agent is also termed?

Answer 41

Schedule dependent

Question 42

A cell-cycle phase-nonspecific chemotherapy agens is called?

Answer 42

Not schedule dependent but dose dependent

Question 43

Chemotherapy regimens are usually comprised of

Answer 43

Multiple agents given on a repeating schedule called a cycle.

Question 44

Agents that stop cancer progression by blocking aberrant intracellular signaling pathways that govern cell responses, movement and division are called

Answer 44

Targeted anticancer agents

Question 45

Agents classified as immunotherapies include

Answer 45

Cytokines, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and therapeutic vaccines.

Question 46

In which two ways does immunotherapy work

Answer 46

Training the immune system to attack the cancer directly, administering immune components that result in a more general stimulation of the immune system

Question 47

Name the five potential types of responses to cancer treatment.

Answer 47

Cure, complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease, progression

Question 48

The response criteria for solid tumors is call

Answer 48

RECIST

Question 49

A major weakness of RECIST is that it does not account for

Answer 49

Pseudoprogression from immunotherapy

Question 50

Factors affecting anticancer therapy include

Answer 50

Tumor burden, cancer cell heterogeneity, drug resistance, dose intensity, and patient specific factors such as pharmacogenomics.

Question 51

Dose intensity which three variables

Answer 51

Dose per course, the interval between doses, and the total cumulative dose.

Question 52

Shortening of the usual interval between doses is called

Answer 52

Dose Density

Question 53

A molecular characteristic of the tumor that influences prognosis or predicts response to a specific therapy

Answer 53

Molecular biomarker

Question 54

A biomarker that predicts response to a specific therapeutic intervention

Answer 54

Predictive biomarker

Question 55

A predictive biomarker for response to trastuzumab in breast cancer

Answer 55

HER2 over expression

Question 56

Anticancer agents associated with myelosuppression can usually be given with the ANC and Platelet count are above

Answer 56

ANC 1500 cells/mm3 | Platelet count of 100,000 cells/mm3

Question 57

Cytotoxic chemotherapy is usually does based on

Answer 57

Body surface area (BSA)

Question 58

CTCAE was developed by the National Cancer Institute to grade

Answer 58

Adverse reactions or toxicities

Question 59

Used assess how a patient's disease is progressing, assess how the disease affects the daily living abilities of the patient, and determine appropriate treatment and prognosis.

Answer 59

ECOG performance status

Question 60

Cells that lose their ability to perform usual functions

Answer 60

Anaplasia

Question 61

Consolidation therapy is given once a patient is in

Answer 61

Remission

Question 62

Agent that can cause severe tissue damage when it escapes the vasculature.

Answer 62

Vesicant

Question 63

A 30% decrease in sum diameters of target lesions

Answer 63

Partial Response

Question 64

Cancer guidelines are published by at least three organizations. Those organizations are:

Answer 64

National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) American Society of Clinical Oncology Multinational Association of Supportive Case in Cancer