Cancer Treatment Part 2

Question 1

give 2 examples of dietary elements that can help regulate transcription factors and gene expression

Answer 1

• EGCG
• broccoli

Question 2

EGCG works by activating

Answer 2

MAPKs
stimulates transcription of detoxifying enzymes

Question 3

broccoli is rich in

Answer 3

sulforophane stimulates detoxifying enzymes

Question 4

what reduced cancer risk by 8%?

Answer 4

multivitamins

Question 5

vit. C uptake of KRAS/BRAF mutant colon cancer cells lead to an

Answer 5

increase in ROS

Question 6

an increase in ROS blocks

Answer 6

glucose metabolism

Question 7

w/o glucose metabolism cells resort to

Answer 7

pentose pathway -> depleting ATP -> cell death

Question 8

what are some examples on focusing cancer treatment on infection and inflammation

Answer 8

• antibiotics -| gastric cancer
• vaccines -| cervical & liver cancer

Question 9

people taking a _________ daily were 40% less likely to develop colorectal caner

Answer 9

aspirin

Question 10

aspirin acts to block prostaglandins by suppressing

Answer 10

COX-1 & 2

Question 11

list 3 common chemotherapeutics

Answer 11

1. platinol
2. adriamycin
3. taxol

Question 12

give examples of shutdown transgene that lead to permanent regression

Answer 12

H-ras
K-ras
myc

Question 13

give some examples of a shutdown transgene that lead to relapse

Answer 13

neu
myc
wnt

Question 14

examples of tumor cell-based drug resistance mechanisms

Answer 14

• decreased drug activation
• increased inactivation of drug intermediate

Question 15

examples of host-dependent resistance mechanisms

Answer 15

• anatomic drug barriers
• increased drug inactivation by normal tissues

Question 16

what was a novel system used to deliver both an immune-system booster and a chemical to counter cancer’s secretions

Answer 16

nanolipogels (NLGs)

Question 17

in mice NLGs..

Answer 17

• delayed tumor growth
• sent tumors into remission
• increased survival rates

Question 18

NLCs appear to accumulate in the

Answer 18

leaky blood vessels of tumors

Question 19

what are the 2 components of NLGs

Answer 19

1. inhibitor drug counteracts TGF-B
2. interleukin-2 (IL-2)

Question 20

IL-2 is a protein that rallies

Answer 20

immune systems to respond to localized treats

Question 21

what single drug can shrink all tumors

Answer 21

anti-CD47

• blocks do not eat me signal

Question 22

combining ultrasound and radiation enhanced the effects of

Answer 22

radiation by 35X

Question 23

radiation effects tumor blood vessels

Answer 23

causing apoptosis

Question 24

what is used as a mechanical disruption of blood vessels

Answer 24

microbubbles

Question 25

microbubbles are

Answer 25

gas-filled lipid micro-spheres that pass through the circulatory system and burst w/ pulses of ultrasound at certain frequencies

Question 26

what compound was found to correct one of the most common mutation in cancer (p53)

Answer 26

thiosemicarbacones

Question 27

thiosemicarbacones function by

Answer 27

- reactiving p53 protein - anti-proliferative - causes oxidative damage

Question 28

RNA interference can control gene expression

Answer 28

killing mutated protein and triggering cell death in cells w/ mutation

Question 29

RNAi is used for

Answer 29

mantle cell leukemia (MCL) a form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma

Question 30

MCL leads to the overexpression of gene that encodes for __________ resulting in ....

Answer 30

cyclin D1 increased cell proliferation

Question 31

what vitamin may be preventative to cancer

Answer 31

vit. E

Question 32

describe personalized cancer vaccines

Answer 32

dosing patients w/ their tumor neoantigens to induce immune response

Question 33

a plant based diet converts

Answer 33

breast cancer tumors from lethal to treatable

Question 34

what was the old standard way to determine chemotherapeutic dosage?

Answer 34

weight or body surface area

Question 35

what was the new way to determine chemotherapeutic dosage?

Answer 35

maximum-tolerated exposure

Question 36

what is emerging as new agents against cancer?

Answer 36

oncolytic viruses (OVs)

Question 37

OVs are engineered for

Answer 37

tumor-specific targeting and enhanced immune stimulation

Question 38

explain the 3 mechanisms of OVs

Answer 38

targeting - transcription - attachment - apoptosis

Question 39

how can OVs target transcription

Answer 39

by engineering a virus w/ a tissue specific promoter essential for viral production replication in cancer cells but **NOT** normal cells

Question 40

how can OVs target attachment

Answer 40

engineer a virus to attach to a specific protein expressed on cancer's surface

Question 41

how can OVs target cellular apoptosis

Answer 41

- by deleting genes that inhibit apoptosis - allows adenovirus infection to be detected in cancer cells

Question 42

what technique may be used to observe the results of chemotherapies

Answer 42

biocompatible plane

Question 43

blind mole rats exhibit monolayers that undergo

Answer 43

massive concerted cell death

Question 44

what animal is known to be less prone to cancer? why?

Answer 44

- elephants - 20+ copies of p53

Question 45

in elephants mutated cells

Answer 45

do **NOT** repair; just undergo apoptosis

Question 46

mice given extra p53 show

Answer 46

negative consequences