Canine anatomy

Question 1

What are the layers of the abdominal wall?

Answer 1

Skin 
Subcutaneous fascia
Cutaneous trunki
Deep fascia (ox/horse ONLY)
Lateral muscles - EAO, IAO, TA
Ventral muscle - rectus abdominis

Question 2

What is the function of the abdominal wall?

Answer 2

Enclose abdominal contents

Contract and increase pressure (during V+, weeing/pooing, sneezing etc)

Question 3

Which spinal nerves innervate the abdominal muscles?

Answer 3

T13 to L5

Question 4

Dorsal roots of T13 to L5 innervate the dorsal muscles. The ventral roots have 3 branches, what are these?

Answer 4

Medial
Lateral
Lateral cutaneous

Question 5

Where does the rectus abdomens originate and insert? What separates the left and right rectus abdominis?

Answer 5

Originate sternum
Insert on pubis
Linea alba (aponeurosis, pierced by umbilicus)

Question 6

What direction do the fibres of EAO, IAO and TA run?

Answer 6

EAO- cranioventrally
IAO - caudoventrally
TA - transversely

Question 7

What is the inguinal canal?

Answer 7

Potential space between the 2 inguinal rings

Question 8

What are the inguinal rings and where are they found?

Answer 8

Superficial inguinal ring (gap in EAO)

Deep inguinal ring (gap in IAO)

Question 9

In embryology, what does endoderm form?

Answer 9

Epithelium of GI tract

Glands

Question 10

In embryology, what does mesoderm form?

Answer 10

Muscles

Connective tissue

Question 11

In embryology, what is the blood supply to the foregut and hindgut?

Answer 11

Foregut - celiac artery

Hindgut - caudal mesenteric artery

Question 12

The foregut, midgut and handgut forms which parts of the GI tract?

Answer 12

Foregut = pharynx to start of duodenum
Mid gut = duodenum to transverse colon
Hind gut = descending colon and rectum

Question 13

What does the midgut connect with to form the vitelline duct?

Answer 13

Yolk sac

Question 14

What causes the midgut to be pushed outside of the abdominal cavity during development, forming a physiological hernia?

Answer 14

Rapid expansion of liver

Question 15

What is peritoneum?

Answer 15

Serous membrane lining abdominal cavity (parietal peritoneum)
And organs (visceral peritoneum)

Question 16

What are the 4 types of connecting peritoneum?

Answer 16

Mesentery (bowel to body wall)
Ligament (organ to body wall)
Omentum (stomach to something)
Fold (organ to another)

Question 17

What is the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 17

Potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum

Question 18

Where does the diaphragm attach to the body wall? Which intercostal space does it extend into?

Answer 18

Last rib

5th intercostal space

Question 19

The diaphragm is perforated in 3 places - what are these and what passes through?

Answer 19

Aortic hiatus - aorta
Oesophageal foramen - oesophagus
Caval foramen - caudal VC

Question 20

How many lobes does the liver of a dog have?

Answer 20

4 - left, right, caudate and quadrate

Question 21

Which of the lobes of the liver are further divided?

Answer 21

Left and right split into medial and lateral

Caudate into papillary and caudate process

Question 22

What are the 4 attachments of the liver?

Answer 22

Coronary ligament
Left triangular ligament
Right triangular ligament
Falciform ligament

Question 23

The stomach is on which side of the body? What are the 3 areas?

Answer 23

Right
Fundus (blind ending)
Corpus
Pylorus (mucous to prevent acid in duodenum)

Question 24

What are the attachments of the stomach?

Answer 24

Gastro-splenic ligament
Greater omentum (loose)
Lesser omentum (AKA hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligament)

Question 25

What is an omentum?

Answer 25

Apron like fold | Hangs from stomach to cover jejunum

Question 26

What is the omental bursa?

Answer 26

Potential space between greater omentum and lesser omentum (hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligament)

Question 27

Which side of the body is the spleen on? What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 27

Left | Site of WBC maturation and blood reservoir

Question 28

What is the attachment of the spleen? Why is the spleen enlarged in a cadaver?

Answer 28

Gastro-splenic ligament | Barbiturate euthanasia

Question 29

What are the attachments of the duodenum?

Answer 29

``` Mesoduodenum Duodeno-colic fold Lesser Omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament) ```

Question 30

How many lobes does the pancreas have? What are these divided into?

Answer 30

2 Left - lateral and medial Right - cranial and caudal

Question 31

How is the right and left lobes of the pancreas attached?

Answer 31

Right - mesoduodenum | Left - deep leaf of greater omentum

Question 32

What is the attachment of the jejunum? What shape is this?

Answer 32

Mesojejunum | Fan shaped

Question 33

What is the attachment of the caecum?

Answer 33

Ileocaecal fold

Question 34

Describe the parts to the colon

Answer 34

``` Ascending colon Right colic flexure Transverse colon Left colic flexure Descending colon ```

Question 35

What is the attachment of the colon? What does it attach to?

Answer 35

Mesocolon | Body wall

Question 36

What is the function of the gall bladder? Which animals have no gall bladder?

Answer 36

Stores bile produced by liver (which emulsifies fats) | Horses, rats

Question 37

Bile leaves the common bile duct via which openings? where do these go into?

Answer 37

Major and minor duodenal papilla | Duodenum

Question 38

What is the lesser omentum also known as?

Answer 38

Hepatogastic ligament | Hepatoduodenal ligament