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Canine Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Dog presents with: P/u, P/d, Polyphagia, weight loss +/- vomiting, inappetance, lethargy

Potential DX?
Tests?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

Serum Chem (K+ and P derangements)
Urinalysis
Fructosamine

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2
Q

Fructosamine tests for?

A

blood glucose over the previos 2 weeks- rule out stress hyperglycemia

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3
Q

Dog presents with p/u, p/d, p/p, panting and pot belly.
Truncal alopecia; thin skin

DX?
Tests?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

Chem: ALP increase; hyper cholesteremia

CBC: Stress leukogram; thrombocytosis

Urinalysis: hyposthenuria, +- protenuria

Urine cortisol: creatinine ratio abnormal

ACTH Stim test: iatrogenic
LDDS: high sensitivity
Endogenous ACTH: differentiate PDH from ADH
HDDS: will suppress 75% of PDH.

Abdominal U/S
PDH- bilateral normal to hypertrophic adrenals
ADH: unilateral enlarged adrenal; contralateral small or non visible.

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4
Q

Stress Lekogram is..

A

netrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia

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5
Q

Tx: Cushing’s DZ

A

PDH : Trilostane (enzyme inhibitor to prevent cortisol production)
Lysodren (destroys cortisol secreting portion of adrenals
SX- hypohysectomy; bilateral adrenalectomy
Radiation

ADH
SX: adrenalectomy
trilostane; lysodren

Iatrogenic: oral steroid; decrease dosage over weeks. Do acth stim to see if can stop steroids

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6
Q

middle aged Toy breed dog presents with honking cough that is exacerbated by exercise; ocassional retching; in severe cases cyanosis

potential DX?
diagnostics?
Rx?

A

Collapsing trachea

thoracic rads (rule out pulmonary edema) 
fluroscopy
endoscopy

short course corticosteroids
cough supressant
weight loss

if refractory: tracheal stent

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7
Q

Dog presents with lethargy, wekness, pallor, tachypnea, icterus, possible organomegaly, hemoglobinuria/ bilirubinemia

possible DX?

A

IMHA

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8
Q

You suspect IMHA. what diagnostics should you perform? what will be the findings?

A

CBC- anemia +/- reticulocytosis, sperocytes, polycromasia, anisocytosis

Regenerative anemia expected but takes 3-5 days for bone marrow to respond

Saline Slide Agglutination
Coombs test
Infectious dz testing
Rule out Neoplasia - imaging

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9
Q

Coombs test

A

tests for antibodies against RBCs

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10
Q

Tx for IMHA

A

immunosuppressive drugs: prednisone, azathioprine, cycclosporin, mycophenolate

Blood Transfusion

Prevent thromboembolism: asparin; heparin

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11
Q

Dog presents with extreme pain in neck or back. Arched back/ head held down. Ataxia; paraparesis; paraplegia; tetra paresis.

Potential DX?

A

IVDD

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12
Q

DXics for IVDD

A

MRI
CT (faster then MRI lower quality)
Myelogram (invasive)

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13
Q

Tx for IVDD

A

Avoid Steroids!

if only pain no neuro: cage rest; opiates or NSAIDS

Nonambulatory/ unresponsive : surgical decompression
thoracolumbar: hemilaminectomy
Cervical: ventral slot

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14
Q

hansen type 1 IVDD

A

chondordystrophic breeds

nucleus pulposis extrudes through the annulus

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15
Q

hansen type 2

A

hypertrophy/ bulging of the annulus

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16
Q

IVDD prognosis

A

ambulatory: excellent
nonamb w/ deep pain: excellent with sx
nonamb with no deep pain: 50% regain func if sx within 24 hours

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17
Q

Dog presents with cough; evercise intolerance; abdominal distension; harsh lung sounds +/- heart murmur/arrhythmia
DX?
Diagnostics?

A

Heart Failure

thoracic rads: heart enlargement; dialated pulmonary veins, interstitial/ alveolar lung changes in caudo dorsal lung fields

echo:
left atrial +/- left ventricular enlargement causing pulmonary edema
valvular insuff
right atrial and ventricular dilation

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18
Q

Treatment for acute heart failure

A

furosemide
O2 therapy
+inotrope and vasodilator: pimobenden
+/- mild sedation to reduce stress

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19
Q

tx chronic heart failure

A

furosemide
+inotrope and vasodilator: pimobenden
ACE inhibitor
restrict exercise and dietary salt

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20
Q

Dog presents with cough; exercise intolerance ; abdominal distension; weight loss poor body condition

A

Heartworm

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21
Q

Diagnostics for Heartworm?

A

SNAP test - protein secreted by adult female worm 5 mo post infection

false negatives if: Ag/Ab complex formation
no adult female worms
light parasite load

Microfilaria test: recommended annually

Thoracic Radiographs: enlarged tortuous +/- blunted pulmonary arteries
pulmonary parenchymal disease
right heart heart enlargement

echo: pulmonary artery dilation; right heart dilated; visible heartworms in pulomnary artery; caval syndrome (HW visible in right ventricle and maybe right atrium

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22
Q

Heartworm Treatment

A

Doxycycline: 30 days prior to aduticide ( reduces wolbacia intracellular bacteria essential for worm survival)

Adulticide: melarsomine dihydrochloride 3 dose protocol im, wait 1 mo then 2 doses given 24 hours apart kils 98% of heartworm
STRICT exercise restriction for 6-8 weeks after last dose

Corticosteroids: tapering antiinflammatory does to control clinical signs of pulmonary thromboembolism; 1-2 mos prior to adulticide if symptomatic or microfilria +

Sx extraction of adult worms indicated with caval syndrome

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23
Q

Heartworm prevention

A

macrocyclic lactones
prevent new infections; eliminate susceptible alrvae and microfilaria

if microfilaria + pre treat with diphenhydramine and corticosteroids

treat monthly strating 2 mos prior to adulticide

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24
Q

intact middle aged female 3-4 weeks post estrus ; pu/pd; vomiting; anorexia; abdominal pain; enlarged palpable uterus

+/- vulvar discharge

A

Pyometra

DX:
Abdominal Rads
distended tubular enlarged fluid filled uterus.
Vaginal cytology: degenerative neutrophils +/- phagocytized bacteria
abdominal u/s enlarged fluid filled uterus: rule out pregnancy

Stabilization: IV fluids; broad spectrum AB; analgesics

SX: OVH

RULE OUT IN ANY SYSTEMICALLY ILL FEMALE DOG.

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25
Acute onset of moderate to severe pruitis ; more commonly in the warmer seasons; excessive self grooming and hair loss; especially rear half of body
Flea allergy Dermatitis DX: hx and PE visible fleas flea comb/ dirt + response after flea eradication
26
TX for FAD
corticosteriods tapered- pruritis topical oral flea adulticide environmental control 15% of dogs have no evidence of fleas
27
bunny hoping gate; lameness ; difficulty rising; + ortalani sign
hip dysplasia ``` rads: shallow acetabulum flattening of femoral head <50% coverage by acetabulum thickened femoral neck morgan line ```
28
young medium to giant breed dog, male; acute lameness fever; long bone pain
Panosteitis rads: multiple long bones have increased medullary opacity tx: analgesia
29
young medium to giant breed dog, male; acute lameness fever, swollen and warm distal limb; metaphyseal pain
HOD double physeal line tx: analgesia
30
young medium to giant breed dog, male; acute lameness, fever, joint effusion, decreased range of motion
OCD CT Rads flattening of subchondral bone; joint effusion; image both limbs sx debridement or medical rx with joint supplements and analgesics
31
3- 12 mo old small or toy breed dog with pelvic limb lameness
Legge- perthes dz ( avascular necrosis of the femoral heads) lots of bone opacity at femoral epiphysis; moth eaten appearance of femoral neck and head surgical femoral head ostectomy or total hip replacement analgesics prognosis good w/ sx
32
Treatment for Hip dysplasia
triple pelvic osteotomy; femoral head ostectomy; total hip replacement. Nsaids; weight loss joint supplements
33
Which is more accurate method of dxing hip dysplasia?
PennHIP more accurate for dx at an earlier age than OFA
34
OCD prevention
avoid excess food, Ca, vit D
35
stupor stumbling, ataxia, nausea, pu/pd
1-2 hours post Ethylene Glycol toxicity
36
anorexia, lethargy, pu/pd, vomiting
signs related to renal failure- 24-72 hours post ethylene glycol toxicity
37
DXic options for suspect EG toxicity
EG blood screening: detects for 30 min to 12 hours after ingestion Utinalysis: Calcium oxalate crystals 3-18hrs post ing isosthenuria as renal failur developes High anion gap metabolic acidosis osmole gap greater than 20 mOsm/kg strongly correlates with blood EG level Azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalemia, hyperglycemia
38
crystals seen in EG toxicity
calcium oxalate
39
Tx of EG toxicity
Best window 8-12 hours post ing decontaminate: emesis; activated charcoal (lots low affinity for EG) Fomepizole (prevents conversion to toxic metabolites) (oxalic acid) 7% ethanol solution parenterally fluids; hemodialysis; peritoneal dialysis if oliguria or anuria present
40
False +s on EG blood test
propylene glycol; glycerol in activated charcoal, semi moist dog foods, inj diazepam
41
A <8mo old puppy/ unvaccinated adult; vomiting; hemorrhagic diarrhea; lethargy; inappetance doberman; rotty; pits; GSD; Dachshund
Parvoviral enteritis
42
DX Parvo Virus
Fecal ELISA Leukopenia Neutropenia hypoalbunemia, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, prerenal azotemia FECAL: concurrent helminthiasis
43
TX Parvo
IV Fluid therapy (KCl or dextrose if needed) (Colloid support (heatstarch or albumin) Broad Spectrum AB bacterialcidal ( ampicillin, cephlasporin, unasyn) Anti nausea drugs ( metoclopramide, ondansetron, maropitant) nutritional support
44
Parvo ELISA considerations
False +s: within 5-15 d of vacc False -s : if test too early in dz process
45
Parvo virus properties
resistant non enveloped single stranded DNA virus CPV-2b most common in US CPV-2c increasing Virus attacks intestinal crypt cells, lyphopoietic tissue and bone marrow
46
disinfection : Parvo virus
CLEAN | then 1:32 bleach solution to kill virus
47
older, giant/ large breed dog with narrow and deep chest cavity; abdominal distension; ping unproductive retching, ptyalism, discomfort, restlessness, collapse
GDV
48
Radiographic finding of GDV
right lateral abdomen | gas ditended pylorus cranuial to fundus; double bubble; Use DV but NOT VD (aspiration)
49
CBC/ Chem findings GDV
hemoconcentration; increased lactate | +/- DIC
50
TX plan for GDV
``` FLUIDS (1st) Rads Decompression (trochar or orogastric tube) opiods SX - decompression and de rotation Gastropexy ``` possible gastic resection; splenectomy post op Fluids; analgesia, AB Gastric acid reducers monitor for arrythmias (ventricular) GI pro motility meds
51
most common arryhmias seen with GDV cases
ventricular
52
Factors assoc with poor GDV prognosis
Gastric necrosis preop lactate >6 mmol/ L Greater than 5 hr time lag from onset to evaluation
53
mid to large sized middle age dog with weight gain; lethargy; weakness; alopecia (rat tail, symmetrical truncal alopecia) cold intolerance possible neuro signs rare- myxedema coma
hypothyroidism
54
DXic findings Hypothyroid Dog CBC
CBC: Mild non regenerative anemia
55
DXic findings Hypothyroid Dog Chem
hyperlipidemia (cholesterol and TGs)
56
T4 findings - hypothyroid dog
total t4- low (may be low normal if Abs present) Free T4 - measures metabolically available T4- if low confirms hypothyroid - RO euthyroid sick (other dz process) TSH- normal to increased Serum thyroglobulin auto antibodies increased in lymphocytic throiditid
57
RX Dog Hypothyroid
levothyroxin PO IV T4 for myexdema coma
58
Cloudy white pupil; decreased vision
cataract Blood/ Urine glucose; ocular U/s, ERG tx: sx assoc with DM
59
<2 yr old english bulldog; beagle; Shihtzu, cocker | smooth moist reddish pink mass at medial canthus
Cherry eye tx: sx - only remove if cancerous - risk of keratoconjunctivitis sicca
60
conjunctival hyperemia; photophobia, blepherospasm | aqueous flare; color change of iris; midrange to miotic pupils
Uveitis tonometry (IOP) < 10mmHG 50% idiopathic
61
what is aqueous flare?
cloudiness of aqueous humor
62
Big Blue Eye (buphthalmos) visual impairment tortuous episleral vessels
Glaucoma tonometry (IOP) > 30mmHG can be 2dary to uveitis gonioscopy - visualize reduction of iridocorneal angle u/s early referral! tx contralateral eye with prophylactics tx for pain even if blind
63
Tx Uveitis
topical and systemic corticosteriods or NSAIDS (unless 2ndary to protozoal or fungal inf / corneal ulceration) topical atropine to deacrease pain of iridocyclospasm find underlying cause and tx
64
Acute Glaucoma tx
``` decrease IOP and pain mgmt Top/sys carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Topical beta- adrenergic antagonist or blocker MAnnitol +/- corticosteroids ```
65
Chronic Glaucoma tx
topical prostaglandins; enucleation
66
Acute/ Chronic may be subclinical Hx of diet indiscretion high fat diet vomiting anorexia diarrhea abdominal pain,weakness, dehydration
Pancreatitis
67
Drugs assoc with pancreatitis
``` Kbr azothioprine L asparginase phenobarbital thiazide diuretics ```
68
breed overreprisented with pancreatitis
mini schnauzer
69
DX Plan Pancreatitis
SNAP canine pancreatic lipase. If positive confirm w/ canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (spec CPLI) test u/s: abdominal enlarged hypoechoic pancreas hyperechoic peripancreatic fat fluid around pancreas- not useful in dx but aid to rule out other ddxs 4-5x elevation of lipase and amylase are suggestive
70
Treatment for pancreatitis
``` aggressive fluid therapy with appropriate additives based on lab work +/- colloid support or plasma pain med (opiod or lidocaine CRI) ante nausea meds (maripotent, odansetron, dolasetron) ultra low fat nutritional support unless intractable vomiting ``` avoid antibiotics unless necessary
71
acute onset non productive cough +/- retch | hx of exposure to other dogs (large #s)
Kennel Cough | infectious tracheobronchitis
72
DX of Kennel Cough
hx and clinical signs strongly suggestive bacterial culture/ PCRof Bordetella bronchoseptica from nasal or oropharngeal swabs, transtracheal wash or BAL on thoracic rads can see signs of pnuemonia if severe
73
Treatment of Kennel Cough
if no secondary pneumonia resolves in 7-10 days cough supressants if persistent dry cough (hydrocodone, butorphanol)
74
Bronchopneumonia tx
antibiotics oral iv if severe based on C/s nebulization w/ sterile saline +/- gentimicin iv/sq fluid therapy o2 therapy
75
Etiology of Kennel Cough
CPIV, CAV-2, CDV B. Bronchospetica Mycoplasma
76
Vaccination for Kennel Cough
CPIV/CAV-2/CDV modified live combo and or B. Bronchospetica/ CPIV intranasal combo reduce inf rate and severity
77
A dog presents with regugitation, coughing, drooling, weight loss, +/- weakness , pnuemonia
megaesophagus weakness due to myasthenia gravis, polyneuropathy or poly myopathy.
78
DX Megaesophagus
may be idiopathic or secondary to systemic dz thoracic rad air- filled dialated esophogus +/- 2ndary aspiration pnuemonia (VD view best)
79
Tests of underlying conditions of Megaesophogus
Acetylcholine receptor Ab test - Mysenthia gravis ACTH stim- ADdison dz Free T4 - hypothyroid lead levels EMG/ nerve conduction for polymyopathy or polyneropathy
80
TX megaesophogus
tx underlying condition and or aspiration pnumonia upright or meatball feeding GI motility meds aid in gastric emptying to reduce esophogeal reflux (cisapride) Gastric acid reducers to decrease acid reflux (PPI : pantazolprole, omeprazole. H2 blockers: famotidine, ranitidine)
81
Breed predilictions for megaesophogus
GSD, Mini Shnauzer, fox terrier
82
drugs causing temporary megaesophagus
ketamine, xylazine

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