CAP 11

Question 1

arrhenius acids

Answer 1

produce hydrogen ions (H+) when they dissolve in water

Question 2

Naming acids

Answer 2

• Hydrogen + Non metals= hydro+ -ic acid
  (ex. hydrochloric acid)
• Hydrogen and polyatomic ions:
  ate becomes -ic acid (chlorate- chloric acid)
  ite becomes -ous acid (chlorite- chlorous acid)

Question 3

HCl

Answer 3

Hydrochloric acid

strong

Question 4

HBr

Answer 4

Hydrobromic acid

strong

Question 5

HI

Answer 5

Hydroiodic acid

strong

Question 6

HCN

Answer 6

Hydrocyanic acid

Question 7

HNO3

Answer 7

Nitric acid

strong

Question 8

HNO2

Answer 8

Nitrous acid

weak

Question 9

H2SO4

Answer 9

Sulfuric acid

strong

Question 10

H2SO3

Answer 10

Sulfurous acid

Question 11

H2CO3

Answer 11

Carbonic acid

Question 12

HC2H302

Answer 12

Acetic acid

weak

Question 13

H3PO4

Answer 13

Phosphoric acid

weak

Question 14

H3PO3

Answer 14

Phosphorous acid

Question 15

HClO3

Answer 15

Chloric acid

Question 16

HClO2

Answer 16

Chlorous acid

Question 17

Arrhenius bases

Answer 17

Produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water

Question 18

Naming bases

Answer 18

Arrhenius bases are named as hydroxides
ex.
- NaOH sodium hydroxide 
- KOH potassium hydroxide 
-Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide

Question 19

Why arrhenius’ theory is shacky

Answer 19

1. cannot explain why substances lacking hydroxide ions are bases ( ex. NH3)
2. does not take into account the role of solvent
3. does not describe accurately the role of H+ ion state ( does not exist as such in water)

Question 20

Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases

Answer 20

• an acid is a substance that donates H+

- a base is a substance that accepts H+

Question 21

Lewis’ acids and bases

Answer 21

• Acids can accept an electron pair

- Lewis bases can donate an electron pair

Question 22

Conjugate acid-base pairs

Answer 22

In any acid-base reaction there are two conjugate acid-base pairs.
Each pair is related by the loss and gain of one H+

Question 23

Amphoteric substances

Answer 23

Substances that can act as both acid and bases

ex. water: donates H+ when it reacts with a stronger base, accepts H+ when it reacts with a stronger acid

Question 24

Strong and weak acids

Answer 24

• Strong acids completely ionizes in aqueous solutions

- Weak acids dissociate only slightly in water to form a few ions in aqueous solution

Question 25

Strong acids

Answer 25

HI ( hydroiodic

Question 26

HClO4

Answer 26

Perchloric acid | Strong

Question 27

HF

Answer 27

Hydrofluoric acid | weak

Question 28

Diprotic acids

Answer 28

Some acids have 2 H+ that dissociate one at a time

Question 28

Diprotic acids

Answer 28

Some acids have 2 H+ that dissociate one at a time

Question 29

Strong bases

Answer 29

- Dissociate completely in water - Are formed from metals of groups 1A and 2A include: LiOH NaOH KOH Ba(OH)2 Sr(OH)2

Question 30

Weak base

Answer 30

Poor acceptors of H+ Include: NH3 ( ammonia) NaOCl ( bleach)

Question 31

Acid dissociation constant

Answer 31

Is used to quantitatively measure the strength of an acid. Small: the equilibrium lies to the left Large: the equilibrium lies to the right When an acid is strong, it's Ka is not reported as dissociation is considered complete

Question 32

Base dissociation constant

Answer 32

The stronger the base, the larger the Kb Small: equilibrium to the left Large: equilibrium to the right

Question 33

Water dissociation constant

Answer 33

``` Kw= (H3O+) (OH-) Kw= 1.0 x 10^-14 ```

Question 34

The pH scale

Answer 34

``` Used to describe the acidity of solutions Has values that usually range from 0 to 14 Acidic < 7 Basic > 7 Neutral= 7 Is a logarithm of the H30+ pH= - log (H3O+) pH decreases as the H3O+ increases ```

Question 35

Acids react with

Answer 35

- metals to produce salt and hydrogen gas | - bases to produce a salt and water

Question 36

A salt

Answer 36

An ionic compound that does not have H+ as the cation or OH- as the anion

Question 37

Neutralization reaction

Answer 37

An acid reacts with a base to produce salt and water | The salt formed is the anion from the acid and the cation from the base

Question 38

Antiacids

Answer 38

Substances that: - are used to neutralize excess stomach acid - are made of aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide mixtures

Question 39

Acid base titration

Answer 39

- Procedure used to determine the concentration of an acid or a base by neutralizing it with a buffer

Question 40

Indicator

Answer 40

Ex. phenolphthalein | is added to identify the endpoint