CAP

Question 1

What are the altitudes for the troposphere?

Answer 1

At Poles: 35,000

At Equator: 65,000

Question 2

How much does the temperature decrease with elevation in the troposphere?

Answer 2

3.5f (1.98c)/1000 ft.

Question 3

What layer is above the troposphere?

Answer 3

Tropopause

Question 4

What is the highest atmosphere strata?

Answer 4

Stratosphere

Question 5

What is the temperature of the stratosphere?

Answer 5

-55 degrees Celsius

Question 6

Supplemental oxygen is required when?

Answer 6

Cabin altitude above 12,500 - 14,000, always for min crew above 14,000, ft, and all above 15,000.

In a pressurized aircraft, must have available above 25,000 ft, and must be worn by pilot if alone on flight deck above 25.

Question 7

When is 100% oxygen required?

Answer 7

Above 35,000 ft.

Question 8

When is 100% oxygen with positive pressure required?

Answer 8

Above 40,000 ft.

Question 9

When is a pressure suit required?

Answer 9

Above 50,000 ft.

Question 10

The stratosphere extends to what altitude

Answer 10

~165,000

Question 11

What is Armstrong’s line?

Answer 11

63,000 ft, the altitude where water boils at body temperature.

Question 12

ebullism

Answer 12

Formation of bubbles in human tissue

Question 13

Dalton’s Law

Answer 13

The total pressure of a gas is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture.

Question 14

Boyle’s Law

Answer 14

Volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure when the temperature is constant.

Question 15

Henry’s Law

Answer 15

The amount of gas dissolved in solution is directly proportional to the pressure of that gas over the solution.

Question 16

Graham’s Law

Answer 16

Gas will diffuse from high to low concentration.

Question 17

Boyle’s Law Equation

Answer 17

P1V1 = P2V2

Question 18

As you increase altitude, the percent of oxygen ______.

Answer 18

Stays at 21%.

Question 19

Functional residual volume

Answer 19

Expiratory reserve and residual volume.

Question 20

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 20

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume.

Question 21

Vital capactiy

Answer 21

Inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve.

Question 22

TLC

Answer 22

Inspiratory + tidal + expiratory + residual

Question 23

Review cut off FEV1 and FVC.

Answer 23

70%

Question 24

Disqualification cut off FEV1 and FVC

Answer 24

50%

Question 25

Increasing g forces affects lung blood flow how?

Answer 25

Directs blood to the base of lungs and aggravates air trapping.

Question 26

Alkalosis does what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Answer 26

Shifts the curve to the left (more affinity for O2)

Question 27

Define hypoxic hypoxia.

Answer 27

Decreased available oxygen due to decreased partial pressure of oxygen.

Question 28

Histotoxic hypoxia

Answer 28

Interference with tissue oxygen utilization when sufficient oxygen is present.

Question 29

Define hypemic hypoxia

Answer 29

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Think CO, but also anything that shifts the curve to the left.

Question 30

What are some tricky causes of hypemic hypoxia?

Answer 30

Hemorrhage, anemia, sulpha drugs.

Question 31

Define stagnant hypoxia.

Answer 31

Reduced blood flow.

Question 32

1st stage of hypoxia

Answer 32

indifferent, up to 10,000 ft.

Question 33

2nd stage of hypoxia

Answer 33

Compensatory, 10,000-15,000 ft.

Question 34

What are the impairments of the compensatory stage of hypoxia?

Answer 34

Decreased efficiency and a 50% decrease in night vision.

Question 35

What is the third stage of hypoxia?

Answer 35

Disturbance; 15,000 - 20,000 ft. CNS effects may be disabling.

Question 36

What is the fourth and final stage of hypoxia?

Answer 36

Critical; 20,000-30,000ft. Complete loss of control.

Question 37

What is the CNS changes at initial increase in altitude?

Answer 37

Vasoconstriction due to decreased CO2 tension secondary to hyperventilation.

Question 38

What is a post mortem marker for hypoxia in the brain?

Answer 38

Lactic acid.

Question 39

Alkalosis causes what kind of shift in the hemoglobin curve?

Answer 39

Left shift, more affinity for oxygen.

Question 40

What is the opthalmologic response to hypoxia.

Answer 40

Reduction of color vision due to decreased oxygen delivery to retinal rods and cones.

Question 41

What is Time of Useful Consciousness?

Answer 41

The time in which a person can efficiently and effectively perform flying duties in an environment of inadequate oxygen.

Question 42

First sign of HACE

Answer 42

Ataxia

Question 43

Medication to treat HAPE?

Answer 43

Nifedipine

Question 44

Haldane Rule?

Answer 44

When atmospheric pressure reduces by one half, nitrogen bubbles form.

Question 45

Type I DCS is?

Answer 45

Bends.

Question 46

Type II DCS is?

Answer 46

CNS, pulmonary, and cardiac manifestations.

Question 47

Risk factors for DCS

Answer 47

Age, exercise in flight, obesity, alcohol.

Question 48

Initial treatment of DCS?

Answer 48

100% oxygen. Creates a washout effect. Also, head down slightly; nitrogen bubbles rise to feet. Definitive treatment is compression to roughly 3 atmospheres.

Question 49

What part of the ear senses horizontal acceleration?

Answer 49

Utricle

Question 50

What part of the ear senses vertical acceleration

Answer 50

Saccule

Question 51

What are the otolith organs

Answer 51

Utricle and saccule

Question 52

What is the black hole takeoff illusion?

Answer 52

Acceleration without visual cues is sensed as a pitching up motion. Can have the flip with deceleration.

Question 53

What is the inversion illusion

Answer 53

Feeling of falling backwards with abrupt transition from climb to level flight.

Question 54

Explain the somatogyral illusion.

Answer 54

The semicircular canals cannot accurately detect rotation for prolonged periods. Thus, your body does not feel that it is turning. Beware the steady state turn!

Question 55

What is the coriolis illusion?

Answer 55

Sense of a roll due to fatigue of the endolymphatic system.

Question 56

Acceleration is best tolerated in what direction?

Answer 56

Chest to back.