Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

spanish > Capstone - Ex 2 > Flashcards

Capstone - Ex 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Albuterol

MOA
Summary

A

MOA: selective B2 agonist
Summary: bronchodilator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Sympathetic NS

NE, Epi (Catecholamines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

Parasympathetic NS

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are catecholamines metabolized?

A
  • reuptake into adrenergic neuron –> repackaged or metabolized by MAO
  • uptake into effector cells or the liver via the blood stream –> metabolized by COMT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bethanechol (choline ester)

A

MOA: muscarinic stimulation - cholinergic agonists

Summary: used to tx urinary retention when no obstruction present
- promotes voiding by contraction of detrusor and relaxation of the trigone and sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mushroom poisoning (Inocybe geophylla)

A

Contains lots of muscarine!

Summary: Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, bradycardia, bronchospasm, vomiting, abdominal colic, hypotension, shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pilocarpine (alkaloid)

A

MOA: muscarinic stimulation

Summary: Induces meiosis in the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

AChE inhibitors

A

MOA: prevent hydrolysis of ACh

Summary: increase ACh (dec breakdown)
- reverse NMJ blockade

  • *Myasthenia gravis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Physostigmine

A

Counter anticholingeric toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neostigmine

A

Stimulate visceral sm mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Atropine

A

MOA: Cholinergic antagonist

Summary:
- used as adjunct in anesthesia (dec salivation and airway secretions)

Contraindications: tachyarrhythmia, prolonged GI stasis, urine retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Scopolamine

A

MOA: Cholinergic antagonists

Use:

  • lose dose: slight sedation
  • high dose: excitement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Glycopyrrolate

A

MOA: Cholinergic antagonist

Use:

  • adjunct to gen anesthesia (dec salivation and airway secretions)
  • prevents bradycardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tropicamide

A

MOA: Cholinergic antagonists

Use:
topically in eye to produce mydriasis and cycloplegia (ophthalmic exam)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ipratropium

A

MOA: Cholinergic antagonists

Use: dec bronchoconstriction and airway secretions - promote bronchodilation

  • asthma (cats) and chronic bronchitis (dogs)
  • horses with recurrent airway inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Propantheline

A

MOA: Cholinergic antagonists

Use: dec detrusor contraction and inc trigone and sphincter contraction - promotes urine retention
- treats incontinence due to detrusor instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pancuronium

A

MOA: long acting competitive NMJ blocker

Use: promote and enhance skeletal mm relaxation during sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Atracurium

A

MOA: intermediate competitive NMJ blocker

Use: promote and enhance skeletal mm relaxation during sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mivacurium

A

MOA: short-acting competitive NMJ blocker

Use: promote and enhance skeletal mm relaxation during sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Can you reverse competitive or non-competitive NMJ blockers?!

A

Reverse COMPETITIVE (e.g. physostigmine, neostigmine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Succinylcholine

A

MOA: depolarizing NMJ blocker - NOT reversible

Use: rapid and short-lived NMJ blockade (tracheal intubation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

NMJ blocking agents summary:

A

Given IV: paralyze ALL skeletal mm (Careful for resp failure!)

No effect on sensorium: use with general anesthetic

Helps with balanced anesthesia

Toxicity: histamine release, ganglionic blockade, vagal reflex, malignant hyperthermia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

EPI, NE, and Phenylephrine

A

MOA: a1 adrenergic agonist

Use: vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Dexmedetomidine

A

MOA: a2 adrenergic agonist

Use: adjunct for sedation, anesthesia, and analgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
EPI, NE, Dopamine, Dobutamine
MOA: B1 adrenergic agonists Use: inc HR and contraction
26
EPI, albuterol, clenbuterol
MOA: B2 adrenergic agonist Use: bronchodilation
27
Prazosin
MOA: a1 adrenergic antagonist Use: Vasodilation
28
Atipamezole
MOA: a2 adrenergic antagonist Use: reversal of a2 agonists (dexmedetomidine)
29
Phenoxybenzamine
MOA: non-selective a antagonist Non-competitive, irreversible
30
Phentolamine
MOA: non-selective a antagonists Competitive, reversible
31
Propranolol
MOA: non-selective B1 antagonist Use: dec HR, reduce cardiac O2 demand, dec BP
32
Atenolol
MOA: selective B1 antagonist Use: dec HR, reduce cardiac O2 demand, dec BP
33
Hypovolemic shock
intravascular volume deficit (e.g. hemorrhage)
34
Distributive shock
Peripheral vasodilation Septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic shock
35
Cardiogenic shock
myocardial pump failure
36
Procainamide
MOA: Class IA Na channel blocker Use; Supraventricular tachycardia
37
Lidocaine
MOA: Class IB Na channel blocker Use: Ventricular tachycardia
38
Flecainide
MOA: Class IC Na channel blocker Use: life-threatening Vtach or fib and for tx of refractory supra ventricular tachycardia *Cure is worse than the dz - use in only life-threatening situations
39
Atenolol
MOA: class II B blocker Use: slow AV nodal conduction - A fib
40
Amiodarone
MOA: Class III - prolong AP Use: arrhythmias - but prolonging AP generally assoc'd with inducing arrhythmias
41
Diltiazem, Verapamil
MOA: Class IV Ca Channel Blocker Use: dec ventricular response to A fib
42
Digoxin
MOA: Dec AV nodal conduction - antiarrhythmics Use: dec ventricular response to A fib
43
Adenosine
MOA: blocks AV nodal conduction Use: can terminate SVT involving the AV node (e.g. A fib)
44
Does complete arrhythmia suppression eliminate the risk for subsequent lethal arrhythmia>
ALL antiarrhythmic drugs can induce arrhythmias
45
Increase cardiac contractility
- functions as a better pump - inc CO and tissue perfusion - "positive inotropic" effect
46
3 basic ways to inc cardiac performance
1. inc B1 adrenergic (sympathetic) stimulation 2. inc cardiac myocyte intracellular Ca 3. enhance the contractile process directly
47
Enalapril
MOA: ACE inhibitor - dec BP Use: tx high BP, diabetic kidney dz, and heart failure
48
Losartan
MOA: angiotensin receptor antagonist Use: high BP
49
Prazosin
MOA: competitive a-adrenergic antagonists - alpha blocker Use: vasodilation
50
Diltiazem, Verapamil
MOA: Ca Channel antagonists Use: vasodilation
51
Amlodipine
MOA: Ca Channel antagonists Use: vasodilation
52
Nitric oxide - cGMP - PKG
MOA/Use: profound vasodilation
53
Nitroglycerin (exogenous NO)
Aka Nitrovasodilators Use: venous dilation - acute cariogenic pulmonary edema - CHF
54
Sodium nitroprusside
Aka Nitrovasodilators Use: arterial and venous dilation - hypertensive emergencies, acute CHF - given IV
55
Sildenafil
MOA: Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor Use: managing pulmonary hypertension
56
Minoxidil
MOA: K+ channel activators Use: dec TPR, dec BP, rarely used
57
What are the major osmolytes (particles) being reabsorbed? (renal)
NaCl, HCO3, Ca++
58
What are the major osmolytes (particles) secreted from kidneys?
H+ and K+
59
Mannitol
MOA: osmotic diuretic - amount filtered exceeds tubular transport Use: oliguric renal failure, cerebral edema, acute glaucoma Don't use if: can't establish urine flow or there is intracranial bleeding
60
Acetazolamide
MOA: carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - inc loss of HCO3 & may inc urine pH (weak diuretic effect) Use: metabolic alkalosis, glaucoma, altitude sickness
61
Furosemide (Lasix, Salix)
MOA: Loop diuretic (BEST)inhibits NaCL reabsorption in the thick ascending LoH Use: oliguric renal failure, CHF, acute pulmonary hypertension, and EIPH
62
Chlorothiazide
MOA: block NaCl reabsorption - not as good as loop diuretics Use: nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, udder edema in cattle, Ca containing uroliths
63
Spironolactone
MOA: competitive aldosterone antagonists (K sparing) Use: often in combo with loop diuretic; mild diuresis with reduced potential for K loss
64
Amiloride, triamterene
MOA: principal cell Na channel blockers (K sparing) Use: in combo with loop diuretics, immediate but mild diuretics
65
Demeclocycline
MOA: collecting duct V2 receptor antagonists Use: syndrome of inappropriate ADH production; effective in heart failure but not yet approved
66
What are the 2 major histamine pools?
1. Mast cells (CT) & basophils (circulating) | 2. Non-mast cell tissues (lungs, skin, gastric mucosa)
67
Why is histamine released?
- immune-mediated, IgE hypersensitivity - drug-induced (e.g. NMJ blockers, morphine) - plant and animal stings - physical injury
68
H1 receptors
allergy, inflammation, pain, itching vasodilation, edema, bronchoconstriction *classical antihistamine target these
69
H2 receptors
gastric acid secretion
70
Diphenhydramine (benadryl)
MOA: 1st gen H1 antagonist antimuscarinic, sedating
71
Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
MOA: 1st gen H1 antagonist antimuscarinic, sedating
72
Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton)
MOA: 1st gen H1 antagonist less sedating
73
Promethazine (Phenergan)
MOA: 1st gen H1 antagonist antimuscarinic, sedating
74
Loratadine (claritin) Certirizine (Zyrtec) Fexofenadine (Allegra)
MOA: 2nd gen H1 antagonist Less entering CNS, less sedation
75
Famotidine (Pepcid) Ranitidine (Zantac) Nizatidine (Acid) Cimetidine (Tagamet)
MOA: H2 antagonists Use: reduce gastric acid secretion; gastric, abomasa, and duodenal ulcers; drug-induced gastritis, reflux
76
Fluoxetine (Prozac) Paroxetine (Paxil) Sertraline (Zoloft) Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
MOA: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Use in dogs: separation anxiety; compulsive behaviors, aggression Use in cats: inappropriate urination (spraying); compulsive behaviors, aggression; psychogenic alopecia
77
How are NSAIDs and NSIMs (Non-steroidal immunomodulators) similar? different?
Both groups are immunosuppressants NSIM suppress immune fxn via mechanisms distinct from corticosteroids
78
NSIMs
MOA: weaken or modulate the activity of the immune system Use: when immunosuppression is desired after NSAIDs (corticosteroid) therapy fails - IMHA - ITP - SLE (i. e. autoimmune dz involving multiple organ systems)
79
Cyclosporine, tacolimus
MOA: NSIM - Calcineurin inhibitors Use (Cyclosporine): - systemic (IMHA, IBD, IMPA, atopic dermatitis, perianal fistulas, organ transplants) - topical ophthalmic (keratoconjunctivitis sicca - dry eyes) Use (tacolimus): minimal use in vet med
80
Cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil
MOA: NSIM - Cytotoxic alkylating agents Use (cyclophosphamide): IMTP, SLE, RA, pemphigus, IMHA? Use (chlorambucil): can be used as a substitute for cyclophosphamide - often used for immune-mediated skin dz in cats (pemphigus)
81
Azathioprine, Mycophenolate mofetil
MOA: NSIM - Cytotoxic inhibitors of purine synthesis Use: IBD, IM-skin dz, IMHA, etc. - can take weeks for effect
82
Oclacitinib (Apoquel)
MOA: NSIM - JAK1 and JAK3 inhibitor; dec effects of inflammatory cytokines (IL2, 4, 6, 13); also dec IL-31 which is directly involved in sensation of itch Use: manage chronic itching - causes bone marrow suppression (must monitor) - good alternative for dogs who do not tolerate steroids or cyclosporine
83
Cytopoint (Canine Atopic Dermatitis Immunotherapeutic)
MOA: monoclonal Ab against IL-31 (itch) Use: atopic dermatitis in dogs - sq inj lasts 4-6 wks

spanish (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions