Capters 6-11 Flashcards
(146 cards)
0
Q
At the end of an exhalation
A
Exchange of gases continue at the alveoli
1
Q
In the highly trained individuals over 30 minutes are the pulmonary capillaries more or less efficient than necessary for optimal gas exchange?
A
Pulmonary capillaries can be less efficient than necessary for optimal gas exchange
2
Q
What are the receptors called that respond to chemical changes body
A
Chemoreceptors respond to chemical changes body
3
Q
The respiratory muscles do not adapt to train true or false
A
False respiratory muscles do adapt to training
4
Q
Why is carbon dioxide able to diffuse across respiratory and cellular membranes with smaller partial pressures differences than oxygen
A
The membranes are more permeable to carbon dioxide than oxygen
5
Q
For an untrained healthy adults the oxygen cost reading under best conditions is
A
3 to 5% of total oxygen consumption
6
Q
What are saclike structures surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange takes place
A
Alveoli
7
Q
Under normal conditions ventilation is controlled
A
Primarily by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
8
Q
The major function of the pulmonary respiratory system is to
A
Exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen between the air in the lungs and the blood
9
Q
Airflow between two areas the ventilatory pathway depends on
A
Pressure differences between the two areas. The diameter of the airway. Resistance to flow between the two areas.
10
Q
True or false. Pulmonary ventilation is affected by stretch receptors in the lungs diaphragm and abdomen
A
True
11
Q
Carbon dioxide is transported how
A
Dissolved in plasma. Bound to hemoglobin. As bicarbonate.
12
Q
Pulmonary ventilation receives neural from
A
Proprioceptor’s in skeletal muscles and joints
13
Q
The peripheral chemoreceptors that help regulate ventilation
A
Are especially responsive to carbon dioxide
14
Q
During exercise there are higher requirements for oxygen delivery to the blood carbon dioxide this is achieved through
A
Increased cardiac output. Increased capillary gas exchange at the alveoli and muscle tissue. Redistribution of blood flow.
15
Q
According to the Bohr effect hydrogen ions produced during intense exercise can bind the hemoglobin shifting the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve to the right and increasing the availability of oxygen active tissue
A
True
16
Q
What are the three phases of pulmonary ventilation control at the start of sub-maximal to work
A
Increased ventilation due to input from higher brain centers and active muscle. Plateauing a ventilation due to predominantly input from peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors. Increased ventilation due to continued motor cortex activity, muscle feedback, and peripheral chemoreceptors
17
Q
During endurance exercise what helps to elevate the ribs
A
Accessory muscles, such as intercostal muscles, help to elevate the ribs
18
Q
Myoglobin
A
Is responsible for the color of dark meat. Transport oxygen from the cell membrane to mitochondria. Is a molecule similar to hemoglobin.
19
Q
True or false more than 98% of the oxygen transported in the blood is chemically bound to hemoglobin
A
True
20
Q
Nasal passages and structures prior to the respiratory bronchioles
A
Protect the alveoli from damage
21
Q
During transition to exercise, the first ventilatory response is to increase
A
Tidal volume
22
Q
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood in the body’s tissues is referred to as
A
Capillary gas exchange
23
Q
What is the most important muscle of inspiration
A
Diaphragm
24
True or false? After the conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate, the bicarbonate is released from the red blood cell through a chloride shift to prevent electrical imbalance
True
25
True or false. Prior to completion, psychological anticipation typically is reflected in endocrine activity
True
26
The most potent anabolic hormone in men is
Testosterone
27
Cortisol decreases immune activity
True
28
Beta endorphin
Is the most responsive to exercise of that POMC products
29
True or false. Type one diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and usually appears in adulthood
False
30
Epinephrine contact at this sarcoplasmic reticulum to increase contraction speed
True
31
Gonadotrophins primarily stimulate and release of testosterone and estrogen and women
True
32
A patient with high thyroid hormone levels will exhibit
High metabolic rate
33
Growth hormone is involved with
Breakdown of triglycerides and fat cells. Enlargement of jaw, hands, and feet. Protein synthesis muscle.
34
The hypothalamus produces both releasing and inhibiting hormone that specifically control hormones produced by particular. It, in turn, relates the message to other parts of the body, such as the liver, testes, ovaries, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland
True
35
In women, premenstrual syndrome is most likely to occur
Seven – 14 days before a period
36
What are the chemical signals transported to target cells through the blood?
Hormones
37
Immediately before competition
Elevations in Catecholamines often occur, including epinephrine
38
What is the typical response of insulin during exercise
Blood levels decrease
39
Melanocyte stimulating hormones MSH
Stimulate pigmentation. Stimulate a viosterol. Impact memory, arousal, and fear.
40
Catecholamines
Are released from the adrenal medulla in response to exercise. Enhance the availability of glucose and fatty acids. Increase cardiac output and blood pressure.
41
The natural fluctuations in hormones that occurs due to the time of day is called
Circadian rhythms
42
Aldosterone.
Signals the kidney to reabsorb sodium back into the blood
43
Luteinizing hormone LH
Acts on the leydig cells of the testes. Stimulates ovulation. Maintains the corpus Luton.
44
Testosterone causes
Masculinization of the brain intense. Development of secondary sex characteristics and young boys. Www.strength, muscle, bone mass.
45
Epinephrine Orajel makes up the majority of the Catecholamines in the adrenal medulla
True
46
In endocrine function, hormones are secreted into the blood Dinner her crying function, the hormone interacts with nearby cells without blood transport. In an autocrine function, a cell releases
True
47
Peptide hormones
Rely on secondary messenger systems to carry out the biological activities within the target cell
48
With extreme endurance training, testosterone
Decreases, displaying some interaction with intensity and duration
49
Prior to competition, psychological anticipation typically is reflected endocrine activity
True
50
Vitamin C
When consumed at high doses of vitamin C may promote cellular damage
51
Is carbohydrate the major metabolic substrate in anaerobic activities
Yes
52
Recommended protein intake for endurance athletes strength training athletes and according to RDA
1.2 to 1.4 for endurance athletes. 1.4 for strength training athletes. 0.8 according to RDA
53
For optimal absorption, it is best for sports drinks to have higher osmolality
No
54
A common nutritional guideline for athletes is that their carbohydrate intake should be
At least 50% of total caloric intake
55
The highest overall rates of protein synthesis occurs when protein supplementation is consumed when
Before resistance training
56
Macronutrients are required in higher amounts in part because they allow for the production of ATP
Yes
57
The most important role that intake of macronutrients provides is what
Development of body tissue
58
Carbohydrate loading is what
A dietary strategy to increase muscle and liver glycogen stores. Is not effective for short distances such as half marathons. Can allow faster race pace in the latter stages of a long endurance event.
59
Omega three and omega six fatty acids
Are found investable oil and fish. Are associated with decreased risk for breast cancer. Are associated with decreased cardiovascular risk.
60
Nitrogen balance studies indicate that individuals participating resistance training is more protein then is suggested in the RDA recommendations
True
61
High glycemic index foods consumed prior to exercise
Do not appear to a endurance performance. May result in higher use of lipid metabolism for energy after two hours of in Johnson City. Increase blood glucose concentration more quickly download glycemic index foods.
62
True or false saturated fat intake is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer but mono unsaturated and poly unsaturated fats reduces these risks
True
63
Vitamin E
Is an antioxidant
64
Electrolytes are added to sports drinks to help
Maintain extracellular fluid volumes. Maintain plasma volume. Maintain cardiac output during exercise.
65
Which new chain contributes the least to ATP synthesis under normal dietary conditions. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids.
Protein contributes the least to ATP synthesis
66
Endurance athletes what type of supplement is best to improve glycogen resynthesis minimize pain, and stimulate muscle protein synthesis?
A combination of carbohydrate and protein
67
Complex carbohydrates are digested slowly in the body intended to be stored as glycogen. Simple carbohydrates trigger a sharp increase in insulin and are stored as body fat.
.
68
Calcium deficiency can contribute to osteoporosis. Sufficient calcium ingestion is recommended to prevent osteoporosis. Exercise throughout the lifespan is recommended to minimize the loss of skeletal mass. Men are at risk for osteoporosis.
.
69
Water-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body true or false
False
70
True or false carbohydrate loading is effective at preventing fatigue related performance decreases in high acidity, anaerobic competition.
False
71
Where is aldosterone produced
Adrenal glands
72
The most commonly used, and supposed, field hydration assessment method is
Body mass loss
73
What to refers to a particle that has an electrical charge
Ion
74
What is the maintenance of intracellular and extracellular electrolyte concentrations for optimal bodily functioning
Electrolyte balance
75
What fluid is fluid with an osmotic pressure equal to that of blood
Isotonic
76
Is a fluid which has a lower osmotic pressure than blood
Hypotonic
77
Performance during aerobic activity is likely to be decreased by
Increased cardiovascular strain, water loss, hyperthermia.
78
Sweat rates
Can allow you to calculate how much water you need after an activity. Is different between individuals. Can exceed fluid intake and some conditions.
79
Cation refers to a particle that has a positive electrical charge. Two or false.
True
80
Water comprises approximately 60% of an adults body mass
True
81
What is the primary regulator of the movement of water into and out of cells
The movement of electrolytes Through cell membranes
82
What occurs when there is normal body education or water content of the body
Euhydration
83
With moderate to heavy exercise
Urine output decreases. Your electrolytes help to maintain electrolyte balance. Sodium excretion increases.
84
Hydration influences performance
During Road bicycling events, during marathons, and Olympic weightlifting.
85
What test measures and compares the density of urine to the density of water to assess hydration status
Urine specific gravity
86
What are the predominant electrolytes lost in sweat
Sodium and potassium
87
Individualized education plans:
Should be used to maintain euhydration change competition. Should include field test of hydration status. May include laboratory test hydration status
88
_Refers to the force created by a greater concentration of osmotically totally active substances on one side of the membrane that draw water through the membrane
Osmotic pressure
89
True or false. Laboratory hydration assessment methods are more accurate than field assessment methods but are not accessible or practical in the situation
True
90
Urine color is a useful field tool for the assessment of hydration status
True
91
A state of _ refers to the maintenance of normal hydration by ingesting as much water as is lost
Water balance
92
Dehydration is best defined as the state of less than normal water content in the body
False dehydration is loss of water
93
Water
Forms the fluid portion of blood. Serves as a solvent for protein, glucose, vitamins and other molecules. Is necessary for the maintenance of normal body temperature
94
Hyponatremia
Can cause death, can cause swelling of the brain, can cause disorientation and confusion
95
Feces refers to solid human waste street from the gastrointestinal tract
True
96
What is the tention of a given gas in atmospheric air and is calculated as a product of barometric pressure and the percentage of the given gas in the air
Partial pressure
97
Individuals with a higher level of overall physical fitness have an advantage when exercising in the heat because they are likely to have lower body fat, great or maximal oxygen consumption, higher cardiac output capability. True or false
True
98
What is important for optimizing performance in a hot environment
Physical conditioning, proper hydration and acclimatization
99
The body attempts to cool itself by increasing
Sweating, blood flow to the periphery & heart rate
100
Comprised delivery of oxygen to target tissues replaces those tissues in a condition referred to as
Hypoxia
| Hypoxia: deprived of adequate oxygen supply
101
Evaporation
Promotes heat loss of the body, converts fluid to a gaseous state and ask on water sweat
102
True or false. Age and fitness level Affect susceptibility to heat illness
True
103
Altitude:
Can lead to high altitude cerebral edema, can result in pulmonary edema and can result in illness due to reduction in PO2
104
True or false. Certain sports, athletes are more concerned with altitude illness than the impact of altitude on performance; instead of attempting to acclimatize, they limit their time at the competition site.
True
105
Heat exhaustion is characterized by:
Body core temperature between 97 Fahrenheit and 104, nausea, diarrhea, headache, fainting, dizziness, weakness.
106
Acute/initial responses to altitude include
Increases in heart rate, decreases in the partial pressure of carbon carbon dioxide and increases in ventilation tidal following
107
As a result of acclimatization to high altitude, athletes exhibit:
Hematocrit increases, red blood cell production increases and hemoglobin increases
108
What is a process whereby liquids absorb heat and turn into gas
Evaporation
109
Performance of short duration activity, hundred meter sprint, is reduced at high altitude
False
110
The wet bulb Globe temperature
Estimates the effect of temperature, humidity, and solar radiation humans. Provides a method for protecting against key elements. Predicts performance decreases in endurance activities.
111
Symptoms of heat stroke typically include
Seizures and diarrhea. Rapid heart rate and hypotension. Altered mental state and coma. Not high blood pressure.
112
A decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen reduces the ability of the oxygen to get to the bodies to tissues. true or false
True
113
Is a condition in which the body's temperature decreases to a point at which normal physiological function is impaired or not possible
Hypothymia
114
Is a pathological condition that is caused by a cute exposure to low partial pressure of oxygen at high altitudes.
Acute mountain sickness
115
Body core temperature is influenced by
Ambient temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed.
116
He lost in the form of electromagnetic waves is called
Radiation
117
Diminished nerve conduction rate:
Is influenced by previous cold injury. Reduces force production of muscle fibers. Results from exposure to dampness and cold.
118
The nerve_velocity is the speed at which electrical impulses travel in the neuron
Conduction
119
Conduction is the transfer of heat between two objects in contact with each other whereas convection is a mechanism of cooling the body in which the air is moving over the body helps the body lose heat
.
120
Acclimation is a term used to identify artificially induced adaptations decline, whereas acclimatization is the process of adapting to a climate while actually living in that climate
.
121
Android obesity is also called_obesity, or fat deposit in the abdominal area.
Central obesity
122
The ratio of body mass divided by height squared is called
Body mass index
123
The eating disorder characterized by binge eating, followed by a compensatory behavior, such as purging
Bulimia nervosa
124
Diet only strategies to lose fat mass may cause a substantial loss of fat-free mass, which is what BMR?
Decreases BMR
125
Tissue composition of specific areas of the body, such as arms, legs or trunk is called
Regional body composition
126
The female athlete triad is a syndrome consisting of three interrelated conditions that affect female athletes and active women those conditions are menstrual irregularities, osteoporosis and
Eating disorders
127
BMI I can be used as a general indicator of being overweight or obese
True
128
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry he is the use of low energy x-ray beams and computer software to produce images of the body that can be used to determine
Body composition
129
Air displacement_is a densitometry technique to determine body composition using air displacement to determine body volume
Plethysmography
130
Aerobic or weight training contributes to the loss of fat-free mass while dieting. True or false
False
131
Obesity, or high levels of fat mass accompanied by low-level's fat-free mass, is associated with a variety of disease states. True or false
True
132
Empty calories mean the calories from food are high in caloric value but have little other what type of value
Nutritional
133
Body composition takes into account the absolute amount of fat mass and
Fat-free mass or non-fat tissue
134
Hydrostatic weighing uses densitometry to determine body composition because it determines what? which can be used to determine body density
Body volume
135
When using the Jackson and polar equation to determine body fat according to skinfold fitness, the sites to be measured for men are the chest, and the abdomen. True or false
True
136
Severe weight loss through dieting will necessarily result in decreased aerobic and anaerobic performance. True or false?
False
137
DEXA Offers the ability to determine regional body composition
True
138
According to the body mass index measures, one is considered obese his/her body mass index is 25 – 29.9
False
139
Specific body size and measures of anthropometry are related to success in all sports.
False
140
Eating disorders are more prevalent in women than in men and athletes participating in sports that involve
Weight classes
141
Energy balance is the ratio of caloric ingestion versus caloric expenditure
True
142
An individual's total body mass is 100 kg and 20% fat. What is the individuals fat-free mass?
80 kg
143
Skinfold equations specific to populations are more accurate than what type of equations
Generalized
144
What is the measurement and study of body size, such as nature, body mass and leg length
Anthropometry
145
The ratio of total body mass total fat mass is called
Percent body fat or percent fat
