Captians Oral Training notes Flashcards

Question

Section Officer TN 104.1.10

Answer 1

A strategic level position assigned at very large or complex emergency incident. The four main setions or functions that hae to be considered at very large/complex incident are: Operations Planning Logistics Administration

Answer 2

The Command Post Officer is respnsigble for implementing the Incident Action Plan as determined by the IC. They will be located at the Command Post, and may use the radio identifier"Command Post Officer" or as the IC deems prudent, they mnay also utilize the radio identifier "Command"

Answer 3

tactical level - manage and direct the activities of Sector officers or administrative functions and report to the IC. When Command implements Branch Officers, the relevant Sector Officers should immediately be notified by Command oif their new supervisor. This information should include: * To what Granch the Sector is now assignedk * The radio chynnel both Branch and Sector Officers are now operating on. Radio Comminications should be directed from the Sector Officer to the Branch Officer

Answer 4

* - Rapidly conduct, or obtain, a 360 degree Size-Up of incident * - determine the Occupant Survival Profile * - Conduct an Initial Risk assessment and Implement a SAFE ACTION PLAN - If you do not have the resources to safely support and protect firefighters \> seriously consider a defensive strategy * - DO NOT risk firefighter lives fro lives or property that can not be saved \> seriously consider a defensive strategy * - Extend limited risk to protect and rescue SAVABLE property * - Extend measured risk to protect and rescue SAVABLE lives * - Act upon reported unsafe practices and conditions that can harm firefighters \> Stop, Evaluate and Decide * - Maintain Frequent two-way communications and keep interior crews informed of changing conditions * - Obtain frequent progress reports and revise the action plan * - Ensure accurate accountability of all firefighters location and status * - If, after completing the primary search, little or no progress towards fire control has been achieved \> Seriously consider a defensive strategy * - Always have a RIT team in place at all working fires * - Always have firefighter rehab services in place at all working fires

Answer 5

* 1. Size-up * 2.Rescue * 3. Exposures * 4. Confinement * 5. Extinguishment * 6. Overhaul ------------------------------- Ventilation Salvage V & S shall be inserted into the list of priorities anywhere appropriate

Answer 6

Incident Commanders Responsibilities The Incident Commander will: * Upon arrial announce via radio, the estalishment of Command as per TN 104.3.7 * Operate at the strategic level to ensure overall command of the incident (except fast attack mode) * Develop an Incident Action Plan (IAP) that anticipates needs and forecasts outcome based on scene condition evaluations * Determine the strategy to be employed at the incident (Offensive, Defensive) Identify and depoloy personnel to meet the three primary tactical objectives in order of priority: * Rescue and life safety * Stabilization of the emergency incident * Conservation of property and the environment * Transfer command or expand the IMS when necessary to improve the quality of Command * be aware of RIT, Mayday and emergency evacuation prodedures IC Strategic Functions: * Ensure that a rapid size-up of the incident is conducted * Idenify the overall strategy, develop and implement an IAP and assign personnel as needed to meet the tactical objectives * Establish an effective command structure * Initiae, maintain and control the communications process, relative to the complexity of th incident Further IC responsibilities * Ensure that measures for firefighter safety are implemented (Enty Control, RIT, Relief and Rhab, Accountability, Safety Officer, etc) * Implement strategies that are designed to meet the tactical objectives * Review, re-evaluaate and modify strategy or tactical objectives as the incident dictates * Request and maintain adequate resources for incident needs * Assign Officers to the role of Sector, Branch, Section, etc. * Provide direction, guidance and resources to Secto Officers, Command P|ost Staff and outside agencies * Review, re-evaluate and revise the IAP as the incident dictates * Ensure implementation of radio procedures as per TN 104.3.1 * When Branch Officers are assigned, ensure that Sector Officers are notified of their new wupervisor and which radio channel to use for communications * Assign personnel to monitor Branch Officer radio channels if the Branch Officers are operating outside of the Command Post * Ensure that a running log of all Coimmand decisions is maintained * Clear unrequired apparatus * Ensure that all written records and documentation are collected

Answer 7

* \>Rescue and life safety * \> Stabilization of the emergency incident * \> Conservation of property and the environment

Answer 8

Factors to consider when locating the vehicle: * Ability to direct operations * Sight line to at least two sides of a structure * Not blocking the access/egress of emergency vehicles When to DC has assumed Command of the incident it is the responsibility of the FIT to: * Tuirn off the flashing/revolving red lights on the DC's vehicle * Announce via radio the location of the Command Post * Activate the flashing/revolving green light on the Command Post During the initial stages of and incident, the FIT will be responsible for setting up the Command Post. This may include: * Activating the DVRS * Setting up the tactical desk * Accessing operational sheets * Maintaining the running log * Beginning a schematic of the incident * Reference are maps to determine the best access for incoming apparatus and possible Base location * S\Assist Initial Accountability Officer * Sector Officer's Aide * Scribe (worksheets/tactical board) * Radio Monitoring * Communication (radio/telephone/fax) * Other duties as assigned by the IC or designate

Answer 9

The functio of the Command Post Officer (CPO) is to ensure that the Command Post is set up properly and adequately staffed to operate. Command Post Officer * Requet FITs attend the Command Post for assignment * Request a second Command Post * Ensure only essential personnel are present in the Command Post to ensure it functions efficiently * CPO will announce when and where Command is located an who the IC is if a change occurs * CPO will announce when the Command Post is no longer in operation * Appoint A FIT as a Scribe to the IC * At the end of the incident, collect paperwork in the Command Vehicle, ioncluding scribe notes, business cards and site drawing. Forward to appropriate Commander's Office * Assist the IC with administrative functions *

Answer 10

The IC is the person in charge of the strategic decision making at an emergency incident. The ISO provides advice to the IC regarding safety related issues involved in the IC's Incident Action Plan and other activities that occur at the incident.

Answer 11

* \>Alter, suspend, or terminate unsafe activities involving an imminent hazard at an emergency scene * \> Eliminate or control hazards through the IC at an emergency scene

Answer 12

ISO has authority to: * Alter, suspend or terminate unsafe activities involving an immenent hazard at an emergency scene * Eliminate or control hazards through the IC at an emergency scene Goals of the ISO: * Minimze injuries to fire fighters by making and emerfency scene safer * Recongnize and understand the types of hazards present on the emergency scene * Recommend proactive and corrective measures to minimize the liekelihood of accidents occurring. To accomplish these goals the ISO should have specific knowledge of: * managing incident scene safety * building construction * reading smoke conditions * the Toronto Fire Services Incident Management and Accountability Systems * the Incident Commander's Rules of Engagement

Answer 13

Incident Safety Officer * Adhere to the principles and pratices of the TFS IMS and Accountablility system * Report to the IC * Maintain communications wht the IC * Be readily identifiable - safety officer vest * Utilize correct levels of person protective equipment * Operate in teams within the controlled area * Conduct a 360 size-up of the incident where possible * RIT is in place an utilized * Determine whether adequate resources (time/personnel/equipment) are available * Determine types of construction and how fire/damage may affect the structural integrity of the building * Analyze fire and smoke conditions to predict the possibility of a hostile fire event (flashover, backdraft) * Continually conduct a risk assessment * Report conditions and concerns to the IC on an ongoing basis * Ensure personnnel are performing safely * Ensure Rehab sector is establishe * Ensure Accountability is established * Ensure Post Incident Decontamination

Answer 14

Air Supply Sector * Organizing the rotation of both empty and full air cylinders * Ensuring full air cyliders are transproted from the Air/Light vehicle to sectors * Monitoring the number of cylinders available for use and requesting that other Air/Light vehicles respond to the incident, if needed. An Air Supply Staging Area shall be considered if crews are travelling an extended distance in a IDLH atmoshere. This will allow firefighting crews to exchange their SCBA cylider without exiting the sturcture.

Answer 15

Water Supply * A scene survey to ensure that all water supply needs are being met * Arranging a relay pumping operration if distance beween apparatus is too great * Requesting additional supplies, apparatus or personnel * Overseeing all pump operations * Ensuring proper operating pressures and flow rates are being achieved * Utilizing resources to bring more water to the scene (catchng hydrants on different water mains or pressure districts) * Communicating with the Liason Officer or directly with th Works Department to direct water main flows and pressures * Update the IC on pertinent information

Answer 16

* \> A reported working fire * \> Requested by an IC * \> A structural collapse * \> Deemed necessary by Toronto Fire Communications

Answer 17

* \>When contacted by Toronto Fire upon activation of an emergency button and Toronto Fire are unable to establish radio contact with the crew(s) * \> Upon receiving a MAYDAY * \> As the result of a PAR identifying that a fire fighter or crew is trapped, missing or has sustained a life threatening injury. * \> At any time there is doubt as to the safety of personnel in the controlled area

Answer 18

* When contacted by Toronto Fire upon activation of an emergency button and Toronto Fire are unable to establish radio contact with the crew(s) * Upon receiving a "MAYDAY" * As the result of a PAR identifying that a fire fighter or crew is trapped, missing or has sustained a life threatening injury * At any time there is doubt as to the safety of personnel in the controlled area

Answer 19

A RIT when deployed shall: * Utilize an entry control board (including search line tag) * Develop and Comminicate a Search/Rescue Plan considering: * The point of entry for the fire fighter(s) in trouble * The last known location of fire fighter(s) in trouble * assignment of tasks to RIT entry team (RIT KIT,searchers 1 and 2) * Provide timely reports to Command or TITSO * Locate, Identify and Assess the firefighter involved with the MAYDAY * Provide rscue air or any other medical aidskl, if needed and incedent conditions allows * Utilizxe a search line and attach to the exterior of the IDLH in an obvious location. * Attach the search lin in close vicinity to the downed firfighter or last location reached, so other crews may locate the firefighter. * Remove the firefighter invoved with the MAYDAY * Announce benchmarks as they are achieved * Call for assistence if needed Prior to deployment RIT shall: * Bring forward and set up all necessary equipment in the assigned area on the RIT tarp * Be briefed by IRIT and the ISO * Monitor all incident communications and changing incident conditions * Familiarize themselfves with the structure/incident and conduct a 360, if possigle * Ensure a hose line is charged and ready to deploy from a separate water source * Ensure access and egress to the structure/incident is available (eg. Ladder upper floors, remove bars and locks) * Ensure one crew member stays in assigned RIT staging area at all times. RIT may be assigned alternate tasks by the IC if they have been set up for less than oine hour or environmental stress is not a factor

Answer 20

At a high-rise incident the RIT should be located one floor below the fire floor or just outside the controlled area with easy access to a stairwell for rapid deployment

Answer 21

RITSO * Ensure the RIT is fully equipped * Thoroughly brief the team prior to entry * Be the primary radio contact for the RIT * Request additional personnel and or resources as required * Prvoide updates to the IC, RIT and Toronto Fire Communications * Ensure RIT carries out their responsibilities prior to and during deployment Upon deployment of the RIT, the RITSO's rsponsibilities will expand: * Announcing all RIT bechmarks ass they are achieved * (Deployed, Fire Fighter Located, Fire Fighter Outside) * Providing updates to the RIT Officer/personnel * Ensuring that a new RIT is established * Ensuring additional RIT search lines are used (one RIT search line per downed firefighter) * Ensure all RITs properly PIT onto the correct search line * Monitoring the Rehab needs of RIT personnel * Ensuring TEMS have medical personnel available at he appropriate exit point

Answer 22

Decon Officer * Ensure before eah apparatus clear the incident, they confer with the Company Officer on the proper post incident decontamination necessary * To reques a Decontamination Apparatus if one is not available on scen already * Ensure proper post fire decontamination procedure is performed * To Record the level of decontamination performed on each apparatus * Ensure a Decontamination crew is assigned the responsibilities for gross decontamination (if required, and resources are available) * Decontamination records are forwarded to the \incident Commander upon completion of the incident * Ensure decontamination crews have sufficient supplies to complete their assigned tasks * To determine the decontamination area (within the close vicinity of the Decontamination Apparatus) * Ensure that all equipment is bagged and stored securely for transport * To give final approval for clearing of an apparatus to return to station to ensure that they have performed the required post incident decontamination

Answer 23

* \>Emergency Call Button - when activated this feature will only display the portable radio identifier on the communications centre console. * \>Familiarity - personnel automatically tune their individual listening skills to identify the radio transmission pertinent to their assigned portable/vehicle/station call signs The passports of each vehicle are labelled with radio identifiers. Firefighters will match their mag tags with their radio identifiers on the passport for ease of identification at an incident.

Answer 24

All TFS personnel involved with an incident can initiate a MAYDAY, including comminications personnel. Firefighter with radio: * Button * Location * Identification * problem After intitating a MAYDAY firefighter should try to remain in the same location until found gy the RIT if safe to do so, if not self-rescue should be attempted.. Firefighter shall activate PASS alarm: * after making radio contact wioth someone * when a second attempt at making radio contact is unsuccessful * when their radio is inoperable Firefighter shall deactivate their PASS alarm: * Firefighter(s) are reached by the RIT * they need to communicate (reactivate alarm after communication) * self-rescue is accomplished

Answer 25

* Ensure that all MAYDAY messages are acknowledged * Order radio silence * Direct Toronto Fire Comminications to announce on all Channels operating at the emergency incident that a MAYDAY has been recieved * Ensure that the channel the MAYDAY is recieved on is used for pertinent information of the rescue, another MAYDAY, EVACUATE, or URGENT transmission. * Confirm the location, identification and problem of the firefighter(s) transmitting the MAYDAY * Ensure crews already tasked continue with their assignments * Consider utilizing crews in the vicinity to assist the MAYDAY * Brief and deploy the RIT * Conduct a partial or full Personnnel; Accountability Report (PAR), starting with personnel in the immediate area of the problem * Establish a backup RIT immediately. * Assign a RIT Sector Officer * Update Toronto Paramedic Services and have them possition their personnel at the Entry Control point closest to the downed firefighter * Announce benchmark ...."RIT has been deployed" * Announce benchmark....."Firefighter located" ( use FF name) * Announce benchmark...."Firefighter outside" (use FF name) * Notify Toronto Fire communications to announce the condlusion of the MAYDAY event

Answer 26

* Ensure Incident Command (IC) is aware of the MAYDAY * Upon direction of the IC, transmit over all Channels at the incident, with alert tones, that a MAYDAY has been received and RADIO SILENCE is required * If Channel 16 is available, upon direction ot the IC, direct all crews with the exception of interior crews and those involved with the MAYDAY to switch to Channel 16 * if Channel 16 is NOT available Command will be notified and radio silence will be maintained. * Immediately dispatch the closest RIT apparatus and an additional alarm level to the Base location on a Strategic Channel. This ensures necessary crews and RIT teams are on hand for further rescue or suppression needs. * Dedicate a Dispatcher to monitor the Channel of the MAYDAY event. * Dedicate another Dispatcher to handle the emergency event. * Dedicate a Captain to monitor both the MAYDAY and the emergency event. * Monitor all radio Channels and immediately inform the IC if a Firefighter declares a MAYDAY on a Channel other than the incident Channel.

Answer 27

All TFS personnel involved wiht an incident can initiate an URGENT. Examples: * Potential loss of water supply * Change of interior conditions * Concern for a potential collapse Command responsibilities: * Ensure that all URGENT messages are acknowledged * Ensure that the apporpriate actions are acrried out without delasy * Conduct a PAR or partial PAR, if required

Answer 28

Initiating and transmitting an EVACUATE order should be done by the IC, however all TFS personnel involved with an incident can intiate an EVACUATE, including communications personnel. The initial trasmnission for an EVACUATE order shall be repeated three times followed by information for the firefighting crews and Incident Command. The transmission shall be followed by an Air Horn Evacuation Signal. The signal is three distinct blasts of the air horn followed by a five second pause. This will be repeated two mor times in succession, for a total of three. Crew Responsibilities: * Cease operations immediately * Evacuate to a safe area * Withdraww or exit via the entry point and/or sector officer * Answer a Par or partial Par Command Responsibilities: * Ensure that all EVACUATE messages are acknowqledtged * Ensure that the apporpriate actions are carried out withou delay * Conduct a PAR or partial PAR

Answer 29

Conditions Actions Needs

Answer 30

An Elpased Time Notification (ETN) gives the IC a time-based measuring standard to judge the effect that the Incident Action Plan is having on thye fire. Communications shall notify the incident commander at every 10-minute increment with the time that resources have been on scene until the incident is under control

Answer 31

The first Officer arriving on the scene will initiate the Incident Management System and will conduct an initial size up and assume Command Initial Radio Report * \>Identify the incident location by using the correct street address and/or a common descriptive name * \> Provide a brief description of the incident structure * \> Provide a brief description of what signs are visible upon arrival * \> Briefly describe the action to be taken * \> Confirm the assumption and designation of Command * \> End radio report by stating your PAR status Follow-UP Report * \> Result of a 360 * \> Any changes to the initial IAP * \> Assignments for incoming apparatus * \> Any immediate safety concerns

Answer 32

Mobile command is when the initial arriving Compay Officer is immediately required to either investigate the situation or be involved in a task level activity. Mobile command one of two distinct modes: * Investigative Mode - applies when the situation requires investigation by the initial arriving Compay Officer. * Fast Attack Mode - may be utilized in situations requiring immediate action towards stabilizing the incident and there is the requirement of the Compay Officer's assistance at the task level. Examples * Rescue * Fire attack * Critical life safety situation Static Command requires the immediate establishment of a Command Post, the announcement of its location and a name to identify Command. The Company Officer will initially assume a safe and effective Command position. Static Command shall be maintained and transferred to a Chief Officer on their arrival

Answer 33

True "If a chief Officer arrives at the same time as the first suppression apparatus, the Chief Officer will assume command after conducting an initial size up"

Answer 34

During MAYDAY * - Gauge * - Radio * - Active Pass alarm * - Breathing control * - Stay Low * - Illuminate - turn on light * - Volume - make noise * - Exit - identify nearest exit * - Shield Airway Daily Use * Guage, check availabile air in cylinder * Radio, check battery and frequency * Activation of PASS, all modes are working * Illuminate, flashlight battery charged * Shield airway, hood and gloves are inspected

Answer 35

Indicates that the RIT is no longer needed at the incident

Answer 36

When any further damages to the building or its contents has ended.

Answer 37

360 has been completed and is followed with any relevant information for responding crews.

Answer 38

The time at which extinguishing agent is initially applied to a fire OR the decision to defer application is made.

Answer 39

Informs all personnel and Toronto Fire that the fire can be controlled with the equipment and resources that are on the scene.

Answer 40

The main body of the fire has been extinguished.

Answer 41

This informs all personnel and Toronto Fire that the Rapid Intervention Team has deployed

Answer 42

Indicates the time crews have reached the patient after the arrival on scene at a medical emergency.

Answer 43

Voice communication systems have been utilized to communicate essential information to ccupants.

Answer 44

Secondary search has been completed and no person have been located.

Answer 45

Primary search has been completed and no persons have been located.

Answer 46

Indicates that the lost, trapped, or injured firefighter(s) has been found. RIT

Answer 47

indicates the true response time for events by calculating the time that passes between a responding emergency vehicle announcing their arrival At scene and the time that the crew has reached the actual location of the incident. This includes Vertical Time for responses in high rises as well as similar events where arrival at the actual location may be delayed.

Answer 48

indicates that the lost, trapped, or injured firefighter(s) have been removed from the sturcture. RIT

Answer 49

* -Initially arriving on scene * - A change in location * - A change or completion of task * - Entering or exiting a controlled area * - a change in the number of peronnel operating within a team

Answer 50

When a PAR request is made by Command teams will resp0ond with only the work 'PAR' and no nuymber bgecause it is not a 'running PAR'. Command will know the number of personnel in your tewam because you have alredy estagblished your running PAR When PAR ordered by Command: * All personnel shal maintain radio silence and await orders to provide PAR information * EVACUATE / URGENT / MAYDAY radio transmissions and alerts can interrupt the radio silence * Entry Control will contact all the opersonnel who have entered the Controlled Area and then report the PAR status for that location gback to Command * If prsonnnel cannot be accounted for, the PAR status report must clearly indicate the number of personnel (and names) not accounted for and NOT include the use of the word "PAR"

Answer 51

Any material which contains more than 1 percent asbestos by weight and can be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure.

Answer 52

Means any material which contains more than 1 percent asbestos by weight and cannot be pulverized under hand pressure. Category 1 * Gaskets, * resilient floor covering, and * asphalt roofing products. Category 2 * Any other non - friable ACM not included in Category 1.

Answer 53

After gross Decon on scene PPE can be bagged and sent for 3rd party washing in accordance OF E-PPEM Hard surfaces such as FF Helmets and boots can be washed off with soap and water at the station but should be bagged and tagged on scene to prevent contamination of the truck cabs. Heavy Haz can provide temporary booties and coveralls Proper PPE for washing boots and helmets is medical gloves with N95 filter masks.

Answer 54

* 1) Samples Tested * 2) treat water used in Decon as contaminated waste water to be properly disposed of by owner of building. * 3) If PPE is dry vacuum with HEPA A filters and then dispose of filters in sealed containers with waste water from Decon. Bag gear in clear bags and clearly tagged as contaminated with asbestos. Have gear cleaned by outside company that is qualified to Decon asbestos. ( this is not our regular cleaning service) * If PPE is wet then bag gear in clear bags and clearly tagged as contaminated with asbestos. Have gear cleaned by outside company that is qualified to decon asbestos. (Note - This is not our regual bunker gear cleaning service) * 4) Bag and Tag station wear as well * 5) Proper PPE for bagging contaminated gear is medical gloves with N95 filter masks.

Answer 55

* 1) all bunker gear that is contaminated must be double bagged First bag - in the yellow Bio- Hazard bag, and then in a clear bag. Paperwork should be between both bags, visible for viewing. Your info must be on the Bunker Suit Repair Order Form. * 2) Nor bagged properly will not be accepted and sent back to the hall. * 3) Contaminated Crews are to bag their own gear.

Answer 56

* \>siding * \>roofing material * \>pipe insulation * \>boiler insulation * \>cieling tiles * \>spray applied insulation * \>linoleum * \>floor tiles * \>mastic/adhesives * \>gaskets * \>plaster

Answer 57

* 1) Communicate on scene to all personnel that this is an incident containing possible asbestos exposure. * 2) Limit the number of personnel exposed. * 3) Mandate and enforce crews wearing full structural firefighting PPE and SCBA point of entry control throughout operation (include Overhaul) * 4) Areas or spaces suspected or known to contain friable asbestos should be only disturbed as necessary for fire extinguishment. * 5) all personnel must be decontaminated upon exit. * 6) Exposed personnel should immediately take a shower upon return to their station. * 7) NO eating or drinking is to occur until personnel have been decontaminated and showered at their base station. 8) Keep areas suspected to contain friable asbestos wet to minimize fibre disruption.

Answer 58

An exposure of any kind is a noteworthy incident and the following notifications are to be made * 1) Platoon Chief * 2) Divusion Commander - on call * 3) Command Division Commander * 4) Exposure Reports should be submitted.

Answer 59

Firefighters must go above a fire to search for Unconscious or trapped people as soon as possible during a fire.

Answer 60

- IC must order that the top of the shaft to be vented at the same time a hose line must be placed to extinguish the spread of fire - When ordering firefighters to operate above a fire during a shaft fire, the IC must also provide the means of escape, such as an aerial ladder.

Answer 61

* 1) search for trapped occupants of a burning building * 2) search for vertical fire spread * 3) protect people trapped on a top floor

Answer 62

When conducting a primary Search above a fire in a building other than non- combustible construction a charged hose line should be taken to the search floor.

Answer 63

- most ff are trapped on a floor above a fire because they fail to take a hose line with them when conducting the search above a fire. - time is critical to save a civilian and a quick search - only attempted with permission from The IC and with acknowledged communication from the fire attack team that they are aware a search team will be operating above them without a hose line. - IC should be notified so a second line can be deployed as soon as possible.

Answer 64

Responsible for the safety of the search team by * a) maintaining the fire attack if there is sufficient water flow for extinguishment * b) maintaining the search teams means of egress if water flow is marginal or the fire extent is not readily controllable

Answer 65

1. Force open a door to an apartment that’s not directly over the fire. If conditions suddenly get worse in the hallway, the open apartment not over the fire may be your area of refuge. 2. If you enter a smoke and heat filled room, hallway, or apartment above a fire and flashover conditions develop, locate a second exit such as a window Leading to a fire escape or portable ladder and immediately exit the building 3. When you climb or descend a stairway between the fire floor and floor above stay close to face the wall. heat, smoke and flame flowing up a stairway will be rising vertically near the stairwell or around the banister. 4. All ff assigned to search above a fire should understand firefighting priorities. The only justification for being above a fire without a hoseline is when there is a real chance to save another person's life. Once you determine no one is ther immediately exit the building.

Answer 66

First attack hoseline is stretched through a front , rear or side doorway. - hose stream nozzle is positioned and used to drive heat, flame and smoke from inside to outside through a vented window or other door or through an opening created by “outside vent ff” - advantage of advancing the first attack line through a door rather than through a window is that unconscious trapped victims are often found inside the door or in the hallway leading from the door to the fire - the next location victims are discovered is in the hallways or corridors leading to an exit.

Answer 67

* 1) protect ff operating the first attack line in case of explosion, flashover, or collapse * 2) if the first hose suffers a burst length or broken nozzle, the second hose team can move into position and attack the blaze. * 3) If there is too much fire, two hoselines working side by side may be successful * 4) If theree is no need for the second hoseline, and the first hose attack team can handle the room and content fire, it is important to get the second line up to the floor above, the attic or an adjoining room to cut off spreading fire. * 5) The first hoseline goes to the seat of the fire and attacks the fire from a door and pushes the fire outward and protects the interior stairs. * 6) The second hoseline should back up the first hoseline and if necessary advance to the floor above * 7) A hoseline should not pass fire * 8) When forcing open a door , it is important to control the door and not let it swing open into the flaming apartment.

Answer 68

After one, two or three hose lines have been stretched into a burning building and ff are advancing them toward the fire, sometimes there is no obvious need for another hoseline. This is the time the IC should have ff stretch a hoseline to the front of the building and “stand fast” until there is another call for a line. This is being proactive with your hoseline placement. If there is a sudden need for a hoseline to cut off spreading fire in a building, the ff standing fast with the line nearby can quickly take it inside the building. The advantage of stretching a hose to the front of the building and standing by is that the most time - consuming part of the hose stretch is completed.

Answer 69

IC must Size Up a burning building to determine if it has a sprinkler / standpipe system Siamese. If it does the system MUST be supplied with water. - sprinkler system can extinguish a fire quicker and more effectively than ff. - sprinkler head is already in position directly over the fire - water is not impeded or slowed by lock doors, blinding smoke, or failure to locate the fire. If a building has both systems sprinkler and standpipe : - first supply line to the Siamese should go to the standpipe system ( this is to protect ff) - second line connect to sprinkler system.

Answer 70

* If there is an exposure problem, such as flame spreading to a nearby structure, the second line goes there. * - the exposure problem is most often an inside exposure.

Answer 71

First line to Siamese should go to standpipe system, left first, right, second. This is to protect firefighters, the next goes to left sprinkler, then right sprinkler

Answer 72

A rapid oxidation process,which is a chemical reaction resulting in the evolution of light and heat in varying intensities.

Answer 73

Is a form of energy characterized by vibration of molecules and capable of initiating and supporting chemical changes and changes of state

Answer 74

Is a measure of the degree of molecular activity of a material compared to a reference point. temp is measured in degrees Fahrenheit or Degrees Celsius.

Answer 75

Is the rate at which fire releases energy- also known as power Measured in Watts (W)equal to 1 joule per second Depending on the size hrr is also measured in Kilowatts ( equal to 1,000 Watts) or Megawatts ;( equal to 1,000,000 Watts)

Answer 76

Heat always transfers from the hotter object to the cooler object. - energy transferred increases the objects temp and heat energy transferred from an object decreases the objects temp.

Answer 77

Heat transfer within solids or between contacting solids

Answer 78

Heat transfer of gases or liquids, through natural movement from higher pressure areas to lower pressure areas.

Answer 79

Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves

Answer 80

37 C - 98.6 F. Normal human oral / body temperature

Answer 81

Time history of a fuel - limited fire Fire growth is not , limited by a lack of oxygen As more fuel becomes involved in the fire, the energy level continues to increase until all of the fuel available is burning ( fully developed ) As fuel is burned away the energy level begins to decay. The key is oxygen is available to mix with the heated gases (fuel) to enable the completion of the fire triangle ant the generation of energy.

Answer 82

Is a condition in which unburned fuel from the originating fire has accumulated in the ceiling layer to a sufficient concentration that it ignites and burns. Can occur without ignition of or prior to the ignition of other fuels separate from the origin.

Answer 83

Fire takes place in a confined area and burns undetected until most of the oxygen within is consumed. The heat continues to produce flammable gases mostly CO. These gases are heated above their ignition temperature. When a supply of oxygen is introduced, as when normal entry points are opened, the gases could ignite with explosive force.

Answer 84

Is in the transition phase in the development of a contained fire in which surfaces exposed to the thermal radiation, from fire gases in excess of 600C, reach ignition temperature more or less simultaneously and fire spreads rapidly through the space. - this is the most dangerous stage of fire

Answer 85

The understanding of the movement of fire and the byproducts it will produce. As the temp builds the heated gases will pressurize and will move to areas of lower pressure. Ff must be aware of where the fire is and the route it will take. Not to put themselves between the fire and an area of low pressure or vent point.

Answer 86

Naturally, environmentally, or by human manipulation. * Natural FlOWPATH will move from higher pressure to lower pressure areas. * Environmental factors that can affect FlOWPATH are wind and extreme temperature variations. Summer Cooling in high rise fires will cause a FlOWPATH to reverse and is called the reverse stack effect. * Human Factors mechanical fans, Hydraulic entrainment.

Answer 87

* \>continuous incident monitoring and assessment to gauge structural integrity * \>Interior condition reports must be communicated to command * \>Limited operational timeframes and the need for well-coordinated tactical deployments * \>Thermal imaging cameras may be used to help locate a fire burning below or within a flooring system, but recognize that cameras cannot be relied upon to assess the strength or safety of a floor. Also be aware that floor coverings may mask the existence of heat of the fire below. * \>Sounding or sag are not reliable indicators of potential collapse * \>establish a station command post ASAP * \>ensure a proper safety network is in place: RIT, Entry control, safety officer, and accountability

Answer 88

1. The incident commander must complete full 360 or assign 2. Be aware of flow path 3. Ensure enough personel before commitiing * \>ensure the size of hose line selected is sufficient to control the fire * \>sufficient length of hose * \>once in position an aggressive attack must be made on the fire * \>placement of a firefighter at the top of the basement stairs and at the bottom to facilitate hose line advancement may be considered * \>firefighters should maintain contact with the hose line in a basement fire * \>maintain crew integrity at all times

Answer 89

Size Up - 360 degrees if you are unable to complete one, assign someone else to perform one. Building Construction Floor collapse is one of the leading causes of FF fatalities and injuries in basement fires. IC must determine age, condition, and type ( modern vs legacy construction) of the structure when possible. Construction type may be determined by “hooking” the ceiling inside the front door exposing the construction type. - is there an exterior door to the basement, exposed / covered flooring or joists ? - are there windows and are they obstructed ? - be aware if exposed flooring systems allow fire to spread and failure of these systems is possible early in in the fire. Due to response times and burn rates, all basement fires should be considered for potential collapse hazard. Ventilation And FlOWPATH Paramount concern in basement fires - collapse typically occurs above a fire. - more ventilation presents the greater the collapse hazard Identifying ventilation points, - determine potential hazards in flow path - winning position in fire attack opps Door is a critical consideration - leaving the door open could invite the FlOWPATH up the stairs. Controlling Vertical Fire Spread - Fire spread may become our first priority, to protect on floors above the fire. - first attack line should be stretched to the top of the interior staircase to protect our vertical exposure. - if a door is available , close it. “Quick Hit “ ( transitional fire attack ) Most effective method of attacking a basement fire. - straight stream at the ceiling through an exterior window or door for approx 15 - 20 seconds cools the environment. - Aggresive Attack now that the fire has been cooled “reset” Best commenced through a basement door if available. Alternative, down an interior staircase ensuring attention is paid to door control and controlling flow paths. Interior Fire Attack Quick Hit is not feasible Entry will be made down the interior staircase with a charged hose line while maintaining control of exterior doors in order to prevent the introduction of a flow path. - size of the hoseline selected is sufficient to control the fire - sufficient length of hose - once in position an aggressive attack must be made on the fire - Ff at the top and bottom of stairs to help with hose - ff maintain contact with the hose line in a basement fire - maintain crew integrity at all times Exterior or Remote Fire Attack If Life Safety is not an issue, the IC May commit to an exterior or remote location fire attack. Ventilation Self vented or vent limited the building will be considered to collapse . - an aggressive ventilation strategy will only commence when we are “Winning” Additional Considerations TIC cannot be relied upon to assess the strength or safety of the floor - floor coverings May mask the existence of heat of the fire below - sounding or sag are not reliable indicators of potential collapse - establish a stationary command post a.s.a.p - Ensure proper safety networks are in place : RIT, Entry Control, Safety Officer,and Accountability.

Answer 90

Attic Fires are commonly vent limited fires * - vent - limited fire is in a state of stability ( Fire is not receiving enough oxygen to free burn ) * - great for life safety allowing crews to perform searches * - a vent - limited fire can allow you to attack the fire WHEN you want from WHERE you want . * - hot gases are only burning at the exit point because that is where the proper fuel / air mixture is and inside the attic space is to rich to burn. * - when it is time to attack the fire , controlled openings below the neatral pressure plane will not cause immediate growth. * - eave Attack and openings in the ceiling allow access to the sheathing and remain below the neutral pressure plane. * IMPORTANT : always have a charged hoseline before opening the roof system . * Sheathing Is The Main Fire Spread Mechanism - exposed sheathing of the roof is the main source of off gassing so ff need to apply water to the sheathing as soon as possible to gain the upper hand. * - wetting the sheathing eliminatesthe major flame spread mechanism - this can be done as an offensive or defensive attack. - It is important too wet the entire section between structural members ( this means hitting it along the axis of the rafters or trusses ) Modern and Legacy roof structures such as Trusses and Rafters can block your hose stream. - simply cooling the gasses in the attic space does not remove enough fuel to suppress the fire and as a result regrowth will occur. Light Weight Construction vs Legacy - roof systems have to be inspected fron underneath - both systems fail in the operational time Sounding As An Indicator Of Stability - ff are unable to determine the structural stability 5 seconds before collapse. - sheathing had enough resistance even thought the structural member had failed. - this applies to both Legacy and Light weight construction Tactical Considerations Conducting a 360 Size-Up before committing resources is essential Help determine : - victims and tenability - location and extent of the fire - stage in the fire life cycle - vent limited or vented - identifying building construction features - accessibility of roof / soffits - length and placement of initial attack lines - salvage of property Put water in the fire as soon as possible Putting water on the fire improves conditions throughout the structure - this includes the application of water outside the structure - “ Quick Hit” reset the fire reducing the chance of flashover and giving interior crews time to get in place to open up the ceiling and complete suppression or complete searches with a greater margin of safety. 1st Attack line - if the fire started outside , the initial attack should start from outside. - elimitate the source before proceeding to suppress the attic fire - this can also be used on fire showing through a gable window or roof top. Attacking from the Soffits / Eaves - whether vent limited or vented the most efficient method of accomplishing this is done by clearing soffits along the eve line on one side of the structure using a pike pole. - solid stream will be directed along th eve line, this utilizes the structural characteristics of the roof and will assist in delivering water over the entire area. ( straight stream, 750 kpa for approx 20 min ) - Knick the fire down using the least amount of water as possible. Attacking with Master Stream Flow up instead of down Aerial stream directed upwards into the eaves when hand lines are not practical will deliver the same result. -master streams into a hole from above cannot hit the sheathing and will unnecessarily damage the structure and its contents. - hand lines and pike poles off an aerial platform may also be considered as a method of attack. Deployment of 2nd Attack line Attacking the Ceiling - Big Hole When eave Attack has been completed from the outside 1x1 meter hole can be opened in the ceiling to complete the suppression of the attic and contents fire. - Hole , center of the structure, effective water distribution over the entire area of the attic. - potential collapse due to water weight from quick hit. Attacking Ceiling - Small Holes Eave Attack is unsuccessful due to plywood or blocked eaves, an interior attack can be started with small holes to allow the nozzle to be pushed into the attic space and cool off the area. - once the attic is cooled a larger hole or holes can be opened and final suppression can begin. - this tactic can be used defensively in uninvolved areas to stop fire spread such as row house with shared attic. Attacking the Ceiling - Trench Cut Another technique when eave Attack is not possible is to trench cut along the ceiling of an outside wall and spray up the sheathing as if you were doing an eave Attack. Ventilation Attic Fires will typically be ventilation limited by the nature of the event, this status should be maintained until the fire load can be cooled and crews have the upper hand on the fire. Ventilation may commence at this juncture as deemed appropriate by the IC - horizontal ventilation with or without PPV or vertical ventilation can be used. - “open from above and attack from below” can create a large amount of property damage and puts both civilians and ff at high risk during the initial stages if not timed properly. - The IC will determine the appropriate method of ventilation. - must consider the potential for collapse - risk greatest over seat of the fire and has been compounded with lightweight building materials. - sounding, heat or visible sagging are not reliable indicators of collapse. Knee walls in Attics Initial cooling will be accomplished with an exterior eave line water application. - this will be followed with an aggressive interior attack where small holes will be made long the knee wall with water being introduced through each hole as the breach is made. - after this operation is complete, larger holes will be made and the procedure repeated. Gable End Attack Ineffective at hitting the underside of the sheathing. - structural members of the roof block the water and don’t allow full wetting of the roof. - gasses are cooled but fire regrowth occurs quickly. Summary Ire’s often present themselves as ventilation limited and fire officers must ensure that they have a complete fire profile prior to selecting a strategy and implementing tactics. - Quick Hit or cooling the fire through an eave line attack strategy and dealing with any exterior seat or source of the fire is imperative prior to initializing further interior attack operations. - interior attack crews must be mindful of the potential for collapse due to increased water weight in the attic.

Answer 91

All vehicles, except for Squads and High Rises, shall be equipped with an Entry Control Kit

Answer 92

* \> Inform the IC or Sector Officer of their location * \> Obtain the Entry Control Board * \> Don an Entry Control vest * \> Collect the PIT of every person who passes tthrough their entry point * \> Attach the PITs to the board, or their own split ring * \> Conduct a visual;l safety check of PPE * \> Conduct a visual check of the air gauges on SCBA * \> Confirm portable radio channel of each person * \> Record the time that each person enters and leaves the controlled area * \> Record the task assignment and location of personnel \> Record and monitor time on SCBA * \> Move the PIT tag from the IN to OUT side of the Entry Control Board as personnel rotate in the work cycles within sector * \> Notify the appropriate Entry Control person, if personnel are exiting via a different Entry control point * \> Report to the IC or Sector Officer, as ordered * \> Ensure that authorized non-firefighters PIT IN when entering a controlled area. Ensure they are accompanied with a team of firefighters

Answer 93

* - develop SOPs/SOGs with respect to abandoned buildings : * - that they identify and document the location of known abandoned buildings in their response area and make the info available to fire crews.

Answer 94

* - hazards * - structural integrity * - building age, construction techniques and building materials used * - renovations/ demolition

Answer 95

* - open shafts * - PITs and holes - with possible accumulation of water * - maze like configurations * - limited / obstructed entry and egress * - blocked, damaged or missing stairs * - structural degradation * - combustible contents : fire load * - delay in discovery of fire * - multiple fire locations * - biological hazards * - hazardous chemicals

Answer 96

* Normal - no notable hazards , no special precautions required * Caution - interior hazards exist, use extreme caution. * Hazardous - serious hazards exist to warrant exterior defensive actions.

Answer 97

* - is there a placard on the building * - what are the smoke and fire conditions * - where is the fire located ? * - what are the structural conditions * - are there signs of recent entry ?

Answer 98

* - 360 degree size up * - smoke and fire conditions present * - use of thermal imaging camera * - occupant survival profile * - initial risk assessment and implement safe action plan

Answer 99

* - Identify location of fire * - Establish ventilation - based on stage of fire, smoke conditions and point of entry. * - consider exterior use of a straight stream hose stream into the room with fire to reduce the temperature of compartment, improving chances of survival for the victim and improving operating conditions for ffs. * - remove boarding at entry points and other windows / doors to allow entry team other means of emergency egress. * - enter building at closest point to occupant, if known to reduce chances of ff injuries due to known hazards of these structures. * - Ensure RIT is established a briefed. - * if RIT is not on scene, then IRIT must be established and aware of the rescue attempt. * - a District Chief must be assigned as the Safety Officer * - Entry realm must use a hose Lin and a backup crew must be ready with a hose line. -

Answer 100

Thermal Imaging Camera

Answer 101

The IC should determine the safest point if entry to use based on identified location of the fire, ventilation should be completed from an aerial ladder / tower / platform to avoid ffs falling through.

Answer 102

To reduce the chances of ffs deaths due to the hazards presented by abandoned / vacant buildings.

Answer 103

Rules of Engagement

Answer 104

Occupant survivability profile.

Answer 105

Do not risk ff lives for lives or property that cannot be saved.

Answer 106

* a) Placement of apparatus to access building for: * i. Rescue * ii. Master Stream * b) Provide 2nd means of firefighter egress by aerial device or laddering building * c) Perform primary search * d) Ventilation

Answer 107

* a. Ensure command is established - communicate by radio your Incident Action Plan * b. Position apparatus just slightly past the address of the call * c. Guarantee you won water supply --This can be accomplished by taking a hydrant or mutually pre arranged (if running from the same station) with 2nd responding pump class apparatus. The 2nd in arriving pump class must communicate by radio if it is delayed for any reason * d. Lay lies for fire control and/or rescue * e. If another aerial class vehicle is not responding on the first alarm assignment request one be dispatched

Answer 108

* a. Ensure command is established * b. Park apparatus leaving room for an aerial device in front should it be required for rescue, master stream operations, etc. * c. May be required to take hydrant for 1st in apparatus * d. Lay a back up line to 1st pumper crew to : * ii. protect 2nd means of egress if necessary * iii. back up or protect 1st fire attack crew * iv. assist with rescue as necessary * e. 2nd arriving driver assists 1st driver

Captians Oral Training notes Flashcards

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