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carb Flashcards

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1
Q

major source of energy for the body

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

sugars must be coverted to____ for body use

A

glucose

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3
Q

carbohydrates is stored as______ in _______

A

glycogen in kuscle and liver

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4
Q

w aldehyde /ketone group

A

reducing

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5
Q

w/o aldehyde and keton

A

non reducing

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6
Q

cannot be HYDROLYSED into simple form

A

monosaccaharide

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7
Q

_______ end product of CHO

A

glucose

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8
Q

_______:levulose

A

fructose

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9
Q

______: ribose and deoxyribose

A

galactose

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10
Q

glucose +glucose

A

maltose

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11
Q

glucose+galactose

A

lactose

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12
Q

glucose+ fructose

A

sucrose(table sugar)

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13
Q

3-10sugars

A

oligo

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14
Q

more than 10 : starch, glycogen, cellulose

A

polysach

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15
Q

glucose-pyruvate(aerobic)l lactate(an) +ATP

A

glycolysis

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16
Q

glucose to glycogen

A

glycogenesis

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17
Q

glucose to lipid/fat

A

lipogenesis

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18
Q

non cho to gluc

A

gluconeogenesis

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19
Q

glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

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20
Q

fat to ketone bodies

A

lipolysis

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21
Q

beta cells, hypoglycemic hormone

A

insulin

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22
Q

produce delta cells to supress ins. and gluc

A

somatostatin

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23
Q

hyperclycemic agents

A

“GAGCHET”
glucagon
ACTH
GH
Cortisol
Human placental Lactogen
Epinephrine
Thyroxine (12.9)

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24
Q

hyperglycemia

A

diabetes milletus

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25
brittle/juvenile/ketosis prone
Type 1
26
most common: non insulin dependent, adult type, stable Ketosis resistant
type 2
27
pathogenesis : beta cell destruction (autoimmune HLA-Dr3/4)
type 1
28
under production of insulin /insulin resistant
type 2
29
risk favtor for type 1dm
genetic: chromosome 6 / autoimmune
30
risk favtor of type 2
genetic ,obesity, lifestyle
31
c peptide
type 1: undetectable 2: detectable
32
ketosis
type 1 ( beta hydroxybutyrate type 2 rare
33
very low serum insulin:
type 1 type 2: normal/ high
34
insulin absolute
type 1 oral agent- type 2
35
glucose intolerance during preg
gestational diabetes milletus
36
fbs 3 hour ogtt ____pregnant ____adult/standard ____child
100-75-1.75
37
one step approach
2hr ppg with 75
38
two step
if 1ht ppg more than 140------ OGTT
39
gestational duabetes screening
24-48 weeks converts to DM TYPE 2 10 YRS
40
guideline in ogtt
pxt: 150glm of CHO 3 days prior no excercise fasting *measure FBS if >140= terminate the test ( may diabetes na talaga) if fasting glu <140 administer glucose
41
gestational diabetes screening
Fbs>95h/dL 1hour: >180 2 hours: >155 3 hours: > 140
42
BMI normal:
underweight: <18 normal 18-24.9 overweight: 25-29.9 obese>30
43
fasting plasma glucose normal
70-100 imapaired: 100-125 diag:>=126
44
resting /random plasma gluc
normal=<140 impaired: 140-199 diagnostic:>=200 same with 2 hour ogtt
45
hba1c normal
normal <5.7% impaired: 5.7-6.4 >=6.5
46
low glucose <60 mg/dL
whipple's triad observable:50-55 panic :<40 65-70=glucagon and other glycemic 5 hr gtt(72 hrs fasting) measure proinsulin
47
requested du4inh emergency, insulin shock, hyperglycemic ketonic coma
RANDOM BS
48
best measure gluc homeostasis:
FBS 8-10 HOURS LIPIDS 12-14 HOURS
49
measure how body metab glucose, diagnosis of gestational
2hr post prandial test
50
how body metab gluc on a period of time diag. gestational diab
ogtt
51
single dose ogtt
janney isaacson meth
52
double dose ogtt
exton rose method
53
long term (2-3 months)inidcating compliance and efficacy of DM therapy (AVERAGE PLASMA GLUC CONCENTRATION)
HBA1C
54
every 3-6 months 2x a year EDTA WHOLE BLOOD
hbaim1c
55
1% change hba1c
35 mg/dL
56
Methods based on structural differences
✨immunoassyas ✨AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY- PREFFERED
57
methods based on charge differences
ion exch. . elec HPLC
58
short term :3-6 weeks useful for shortened rbc lifesapan
glycated albumin fructosamin
59
strips using GLUCOSE OXIDASE, PEROXIDASE: REFLECTANCE METER. HEMOCUE : GLUC. DEHYDROGENASE METH
PoCT
60
specimen consideration!
venous plasma gluc >30 min: NA FLUORIDE METAB: RT at 7 mg/dL/hr WB < serum ( 10-15%) chem enzymatic >5-15 10% contam 5% dextrose= ^500 mg/dL
61
serum separated from cells within 1._________ glucose is metabolized at 4c at 2._________ venous glucose is 3________ lower than capil 1% increase =4_______^in plasma blood glucose BG normalizes within 5.______ after meal!
1. 1 hour 2. 2mg/dL/hr 3. 7 mg/dL 4. 35 mg/dL 5. 1.5-2 hours
62
Red. of cupric to cuprous ions= cuprous oxide in hot alkaline solution
Alkaline Copper Reduction Methods
63
arsenomolybdic acid= ARSENOMOLYBDENUM BLUE
Nelson Somogyi
64
phosphomolybdic acid= PHOSPHOMOLYBDENUM BLUE
FOLIN WU
65
neocuproine2+ = YELLOW
NEOCUPROINE
66
Inverse Colorimetry : Glucose+ Ferric cyanide (YELLOW)=FERROCYANIDE (COLORLESS)
hige dorn jen sen method/ferric reduction method
67
condensation of CHO with aromatic AMINES producing SCHIFF BASES
ortho-toluidine/dubowski method
68
it measure B-D- glucose( MOST SPECIFIC ENZYME REACTING TO GLUCOSE) It also measure csf and urine glucose
GLUCOSE OXIDASE

carbohydrates (4 decks)

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