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Nutrition > Carb & Lipid Metabolism > Flashcards

Carb & Lipid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Obj: Describe classes of lipids, their structure and nomenclature

A
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2
Q

Obj: Explain mechanisms of lipid digestion and absorption

A
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3
Q

Obj: Describe lipid transport in the body and metabolism

A
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4
Q

Obj: Recognize essential fatty acids (EFA) and determine their functions)

A
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5
Q

Obj: Summarize clinical signs of EFA deficiency

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6
Q

Obj: Outline lipid assessment of an animal

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7
Q

What is the difference between Lipids, Fats, and Oils?

A
  • lipids - organic substances that are relatively insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents
  • fats - solid at room temp
  • Oils - liquid at room temp
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8
Q

How many carbons are short, medium, and long chain fatty acids?

A
  • Short-chain: <8 carbons
  • medium-chain: 8-12 carbons
  • Long-chain: >12 carbons
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9
Q

What is the difference between a Cis and Trans Fatty Acid

A
  • Cis Double bond
    • Hydrogen atoms positioned on same side of double bond
  • Trans Double bond
    • Hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of double bond
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10
Q

What is Alpha nomenclature of Fatty Acids

A
  • Based on positions and types of double bonds relative to the carboxylic (α) end of the fatty acids
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11
Q

What is Omega nomenclature of Fatty Acids?

A
  • Fatty acids categorized into groups based on where the first double bond is located relative to the methyl end
  • “n” system
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12
Q

What are Mono-, Di-, and Triglycerides?

A
  • Lipids made of a glycerol bonded to # Fatty acids
    • mono - 1
    • di - 2
    • tri - 3
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13
Q

How are lipids digested?

A
  • Emulsification by bile salts
  • TAG → MAG + NEFA by lipase
  • SCFA + MCFA (14) - portal blood
  • MAG + LCFA (>C12) - absorbed as micelles
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14
Q

What do micelles do?

A
  • Transport:
    • Pancreatic lipase
    • Cholesterol
    • bile salts
    • fat soluble vitamins
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15
Q

How are lipoproteins differentiated

A
  • distinguished by size and density
  • each contains different kinds and amounts of lipids and proteins
    • more lipid = lower density
    • more protein = higher density
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16
Q

What is Low-Density Lipoproteins?

A
  • ‘Bad Cholesterol’
  • Major lipid is cholesterol
  • Delivers cholesterol from liver to body cells
    • cell membranes
    • hormone production
  • Protein 21% - binds to specific LDL receptor
17
Q

What are High-Density Lipoproteins

A
  • ‘Good Cholesterol’
  • Liver and intestine
  • Major lipid is phospholipid
  • Transports cholesterol to the liver from body cells
    • picking up cholesterol from dying cells and lipoprotein metabolism
  • Protein 50%
18
Q

What lipoprotein is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

High-density lipoprotein

19
Q

What are the functions of EFAs?

A
  • Omega-6:
    • Pro-inflammatory
  • Omega-3:
    • Cyclooxygenase (COX)
    • Lipoxygenase (LOX)
    • Anti-inflammatory
20
Q

Why is Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) necessary for puppies?

A
  • Omega-3 fatty acid
  • Quicker response to light
  • improved visual performance
  • Improved sensitivity to dim light
  • Improved trainability/learning
21
Q

What are the clinical signs of an EFA deficiency?

A
  • Dermatitis - irritated & flaky skin
  • Poor haircoat
  • Poor feathering
  • GI problems
  • Compromised Immune system
  • Slow growth
  • Reproductive failure
22
Q

What is lipolysis?

A
  • Breakdown of triglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol
  • Stimulated by:
    • Starvation - hypoglycemia
    • Exercise
    • Physiological stress
23
Q

What is Hormone-sensitive lipase?

A
  • Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds that attach fatty acids to the glycerol molecule
  • Mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue
    • Triglyceride synthesis, β-oxidation, ketogenesis
24
Q

What is ketogenesis?

A
  • Conversion of FFA to ketone bodies
    • acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetone
  • Occurs when body’s supply of glucose becomes limited - ‘low carb’
  • measurable in blood and urine
25
Q

What organs will utilize ketones

A
  • Brain
  • heart
  • skeletal muscle
  • kidneys
26
Q

What is Lipogenesis

A
  • Synthesis of fatty acids & triglycerides
  • Excess energy → insulin stimulates storage
27
Q

How much lipid is in plant leaves?

A

2-5%

28
Q

How much lipid is in oil seed?

A

>25%

29
Q

What are the sources of lipids in feeds?

A
  • Plant leaves
  • Oil seeds
  • Animal fats - tallow, lard
    *

Nutrition (28 decks)

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