Carbohydrate

Question 1

What do two beta glucoses make

Answer 1

Cellobiose

Question 2

what do two alpha glucoses make

Answer 2

maltose

Question 3

glyosidic bond

Answer 3

water removed from two hydroxyl groups forming C-O-C rather than C, OH and C, OH

Question 4

examples of the sugar hexose

Answer 4

alpha and beta glucose

Question 5

what sugar is ribose

Answer 5

pentose

Question 6

what is ribose a component of

Answer 6

component of ribonucleic acid (RNA), ATP and NAD

Question 7

how is pentose different from hexose

Answer 7

pentose has 5 wheras hexose has 6 carbons

Question 8

polysaccharides energy store in human and plants

Answer 8

in human, glycogen (alpha glucose)
in plant, starch (beta glucose) and cellulose (alpha glucose)

Question 9

branched chain of polysaccharide

Answer 9

amylopectin/ glycogen

Question 10

unbranched polysaccharide chain

Answer 10

amylose

Question 11

why is branched good

Answer 11

enzymes can reach ends of chains and hydrolyse 1-4 linkages to break down glucose when energy is required quickly

Question 12

enzyme for breaking down 1-6 bonds

Answer 12

glucosidase

Question 13

enzyme for breaking down 1-4 bonds

Answer 13

amylase

Question 14

why are glycogen and starch useful as storage molecules

Answer 14

-they are compact, do not occupy a large amount of space and both occur as dense granules in the cell
-Insoluble; they will have no osmotic effect, unlike glucose which would increase the solute concentration of a cell and causing water to move in by osmosis

Question 15

why is a straight chain beneficial

Answer 15

Being straight makes the molecules suitable for constructing cellular structures e.g. cellulose

Question 16

what two different polysaccharides is starch constructed from

Answer 16

Amylose- helix so stored easily
Amylopectin- branched so easily hydrolysed for respiration or added to for storage

Question 17

what is glycogen

Answer 17

the storage polysaccharide of animals and fungi

Question 18

is glycogen branched and why/why not

Answer 18

yes
-provides more terminal glucose molecules which can either be added to or removed by hydrolysis; allows the quick storage or release of glucose

Question 19

what two polysaccharides are storage

Answer 19

starch and glycogen

Question 20

why are polysaccharides big

Answer 20

so they can be stored/ wont leave the cell

Question 21

structure of cellulose

Answer 21

long chain of Beta-glucose molecules linked by glycosidic bonds to form linear cellulose chains that are unbranched with hydrogen bonds inbetween each microfibril

Question 22

what does cellulose form

Answer 22

microfibrils- for strength and structure of plant cell

Question 23

what is the main function of glucose

Answer 23

-an energy source
-main substrate used in respiration
-soluble so can be transported in water

Question 24

what forms starch and glycogen

Answer 24

alpha glucose

Question 25

what forms cellulose

Answer 25

beta glucose

Question 26

what are pentose sugars

Answer 26

sugars that contain 5 carbon molecules

Question 27

difference between ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 27

ribose has an OH on the second carbon atom deoxyribose has lost this oxygen atom at carbon 2 and only has H

Question 28

what are the three types of carbohydrates

Answer 28

-monosaccharides -disaccharides -polysaccharides

Question 29

examples of monosaccharides

Answer 29

-ribose -glucose

Question 30

function of monosaccharides

Answer 30

-source of energy in respiration -building blocks for polymers

Question 31

what is a disaccharide

Answer 31

-a sugar formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction

Question 32

what is maltose made of

Answer 32

two alpha glucoses

Question 33

what is sucrose made of

Answer 33

alpha glucose and fructose

Question 34

what is lactose made of

Answer 34

alpha glucose and galactose

Question 35

what is the function of a disaccharide

Answer 35

-sugar found in germinating seeds (maltose) -mammal milk sugar (lactose) -sugar stored in a sugar cane (sucrose)

Question 36

whats a polymer

Answer 36

-many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction

Question 37

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 37

-cellulose (beta glucose) -starch (alpha glucose in the form of amylose and amylopectin) -glycogen (alpha glucose)

Question 38

function of polysaccharides

Answer 38

-energy storage (plants= starch, animals- glycogen) -structural (cell wall)

Question 39

bonding in amylose and amylopectin

Answer 39

Amylose - linear chains of glucose molecules linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds -amylopectin - same linear chains with additional α-1,6 linked branches.

Question 40

orientation of OH on alpha and beta glucose

Answer 40

Alpha glucose- down down up down Beta glucose- up down up down

Question 41

what allows strait chains

Answer 41

1-4 linkages when every other carbohydrate is flipped upside down