Carbohydrate and carbohydrate metabolism

Question 1

bond between two monosaccharides

Answer 1

glycosidic linkage (forms disaccharide)

• covalent bond
• formed in dehydration reaction

Question 2

can humans digest alpha or beta glycosidic bonds

Answer 2

alpha (ex: starch and glycogen)

Question 3

glycolysis

Answer 3

glucose -> (2) pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

• occurs in cytoplasm
• does not require O2

Question 4

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Answer 4

pyruvate -> acetyl-CoA (oxidated by PDC)

-occurs in mitochondrial matrix

Question 5

Krebs Cycle

Answer 5

products: (x2 because remember there are two C in acetylcoa)
- 2 CO2
- 3 NADH
- FADH2
- GTP

Question 6

goals of electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 6

1. reoxidize all the electron carriers reduced in glycolysis, PDC, and the krebs cycle
2. store E in the form of ATP in the process

Question 7

where are NADH/FADH2 coming from in terms of electron transport chain?

Answer 7

2 NADH created by glycolysis in cytoplasm

all other NADH/FADH produced in mitochondrial matrix (so in same location as electron transport chain)

Question 8

where are reduced electron carriers located in prokaryotes?

Answer 8

all produced in cytoplasm (no membrane bound organelles)

Question 9

electron transport chain components in order

Answer 9

NADH dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
ubiquinone aka coenzyme Q(small carrier)
cytochrome C reductase (cytochrome)
cytochrome C (small carrier)
Cytochrome C oxidase (cytochrome)

> creates proton gradient (H leaves inner mitochondrial membrane)

Question 10

ATP synthase

Answer 10

synthesizes ATP from ADP and Pi

-dependent on protein gradient

Question 11

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 11

electron transport chain and ATP production

Question 12

molecules used/formed in glycolysis

Answer 12

• 2 ATP
  4 ATP
  2 NADH = 3 ATP (bc in cytosol)

Question 13

molecules used/formed in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Answer 13

2 NADH > 5 ATP

Question 14

molecules used/formed in Krebs cycle

Answer 14

6 NADH = 15 ATP
2 FADH2 = 3 ATP
2 GTP = 2 ATP

Question 15

total ATP products of cellular respiration

Answer 15

30 ATP (eukaryotes)
32 ATP (prokaryotes)

Question 16

when does gluconeogenisis occur

Answer 16

occurs when dietary glucose isnt available and liver has depleted its stores of glycogen and glucose
- occurs in the liver

Question 17

gluconeogenisis

Answer 17

forms glucose from (2) pyruvate

Question 18

E needed for gluconeogenisis

Answer 18

4 ATP
2 GTP
2 NADH

Question 19

gluconeogenisis regulation

Answer 19

enzyme: Fructose 1,60 biphosphatase
positive regulator = ATP
negative regulator = Fructose-2,6-biphosphate, AMP

Question 20

glycolysis regulation

Answer 20

enzyme: phosphofructokinase (PFK)
positive regulator: Fructose-2,6-biphosphate, AMP
negative regulator: ATP