Carbohydrate disorders

Question 1

Composition of carbohydrates

Answer 1

• CHO. Hydrogen-oxygen ratio of 2:1

Question 2

___ found in plants

Answer 2

Strach

Question 3

Strach composition

Answer 3

is a mixture of amylose (straight
chains of glucose) and amylopectin (branched chains of
glucose).

Question 4

Highly branches polysaccharide found in animals

Answer 4

Glycogen

Question 5

Its main role is to provide energy

Answer 5

Carbohydrates

Question 6

Is the major carbohydrate used for energy production

Answer 6

Glucose

Question 7

How is Homestasis maintained?

Answer 7

• Potential loss in urine if the renal threshold is exceeded.
• Liver removes about 70% of the glucose that is delivered via the
  portal circulation.

-Some of the glucose is oxidized and some is
converted to glycogen to be used as a source of energy under
fasting conditions.

-Converted by liver to FA and TG, which are then incorporated into (VLDLs)
and transported to adipose tissue stores.

Question 8

Lowers blood glucose level

Answer 8

Insulin

Question 9

Insulin is formed as \_\_\_\_\_\_
which is formed of A-chain and Bchain connected by C peptide
packaged in secretory granules in
Golgi apparatus, then it’s cleaved to
insulin and C peptide to be active.

Answer 9

pre-proinsulin

Question 10

Anti-insulin hormones ?

Answer 10

Glucogen
Adrenaline
Growth hormone
Glucocorticosteriods

Question 11

It is a condition in which glucose level increases in blood.

Answer 11

Hyperglycemia

Question 12

Signs of hyperglycemia? ( early signs)

Answer 12

Polyuria

• polydipsia
• Polyphagia
• Weight loss
• Fatigue and Headache

Question 13

Later signs of hyperglycemia?

Answer 13

• Ketoacidosis
• Fruit urine and smelling breath
• dry mouth
• coma
• weakness
• confusion
• abdominal pain
• confusion
• Nausea and vomiting

Question 14

Causes of Hyperglycemia?

Answer 14

1. Types of Diabetes
   - Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
   - Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
   - Bronze Diabetes
   - Gestational Diabetes
2. Pancreatitis
3. Pancreatic cancer
4. Cushing’s syndrome
5. Unusual hormone-secreting tumors

Question 15

LOOK AT PAGE 7

Answer 15

LOOK AT PAGE 7

Question 16

It’s a condition in which the body absorbs excess iron from
food and storing it in some organs as Pancrease leading to
damage of Islets of Langerhan’s beta cells.

Answer 16

Bronze diabetes

Question 17

Bronze diabetes AKA:

Answer 17

Hemochromatosis- ( because it can lead to darkening of the skin and hyperglycemia).

Question 18

This term describes women with abnormal glucose
tolerance which is temporary that reverts to normal
levels after delivery

Answer 18

Gestational Diabetes

Question 19

When are symptoms of gestational diabetes first recognized ?

Answer 19

• first recognized or has its onset during pregnancy

Question 20

poor blood glucose control can cause?

Answer 20

• higher incidence of intrauterine death and fetal

malformation so urgent treatment is needed.

Question 21

Complications of diabetes?

Answer 21

• Diabetic Retinopathy
• Diabetic Nephropathy
• Diabetic Neuropathy
• Stroke
• Cardiovascular disease

Question 22

Causes of hypoglycemia?

Answer 22

• Reactive or Post-Prandial (PP) hypoglycemia.

- Insulinoma

Question 23

What causes hypoglycemia?

Answer 23

1. Reactive or Post-Prandial (PP) hypoglycemia occurs 2–5 h after
   meals and does not occur during a fast.
2. Insulinoma: A small benign adenoma of the pancreatic islets that
   secretes inappropriate amounts of insulin.

Question 24

Most patients develop symptomatic hypoglycemia when blood sugar
level drops below _____Immediate intervention is required for
hypoglycemia.

Answer 24

60 mg/dl.

Question 25

How to diagnose Insulinoma?

Answer 25

- The fasting plasma insulin concn(btw, inappropriately high) - Measuring plasma C peptide conc (Exogenous insulin contain little or no C-peptide)

Question 26

Causes of hypoglycemia?

Answer 26

- Reactive/Post-Prandial (PP) hypoglycemia - Insulionoma Accidental/delibrate overdose of insulin, deficiency in anti-insulin hormones. - Deficiency in anti-insulin hormones

Question 27

Examples of anti-insulin hormones?

Answer 27

- Addison's disease | - Hypothyroidism/Cretinism

Question 28

s adrenocortical insufficiency due to | the dysfunction of the entire adrenal cortex.

Answer 28

Addisons disease

Question 29

4 types of glucose tests?

Answer 29

- Random Blood glucose - Fasting blood glucose test - post prandial - oral glucsose tolerance test

Question 30

``` Glucose Normal range? Post-prandial Fasting Hypoglycemic coma Random ```

Answer 30

- Postprandial (80-120 mg/dl) - Fasting (70-110 mg/dl) - Hypoglycemic coma (<40 mg/dl) -Random (80-160 mg/dl)

Question 31

Diagnosis?

Answer 31

- Random plasma glucose (200mg/dl) OR fasting plasma glucose: 140mg/dl - A single result is sufficient in the presence of typical hyperglycemic symptoms of thirst and polyuria. -In their absence, a venous plasma [glucose] in the diabetic range should be detected on at least two separate occasions on different days.

Question 32

What should be performed when theres doubt about results?

Answer 32

OGIT: [glucose] is only needed for confirmation and is unequivocally high. -The diagnosis should never be made on the basis of a single test in a patient without symptoms

Question 33

Tests performed in diabetes?

Answer 33

- Oral glucose tolerance test | - glycated hemoglobin

Question 34

What should be avoided following 12 hours before the test?

Answer 34

Eating, smoking, and heavy exercise

Question 35

Reaction of Hb with glucose forms ________

Answer 35

HbA1C

Question 36

Normal Levels of HbA1c?

Answer 36

- Normal (: HbA1C below 5.7) - prediabetes (HbA1C between 5.7% and 6.4) - Diabetes (HbA1C of 6.5% or higher)

Question 37

Determination of blood glucose level?

Answer 37

Glucose+O2+H2O (w/ Glucose Oxidase ) turn into Gluconicacid+H2O2 -2 H2O2+ 4 aminoantipyrine+ Phenol (w/Peroxidase) Quinoneiminedye + 4 H2O