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Animal Nutrition exam 4 > Carbohydrate metabolism > Flashcards

Carbohydrate metabolism Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of processes of chemical changes in living cells by which energy and nutrients are provided for vital processes and activities and new materials are assimilated

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

the constructive part of metabolism involving synthesis

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

the destructive part of metabolism involving the release of energy and breakdown of complex materials

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4
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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5
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate

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6
Q

NADH

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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7
Q

1 NADH = ___ ATP

A

3

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8
Q

FADH

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

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9
Q

1 FADH = ___ ATP

A

2

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10
Q

GTP

A

guanosine triphosphate

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11
Q

1 GTP = ___ ATP

A

1

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12
Q

OIL RIG

A

oxidation is loss and reduction is gain (of electrons)

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13
Q

Reducing equivalent

A

transfer of one electron

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14
Q

Metabolism of CHO provides… (4)

A
  1. energy source (ATP)
  2. short term energy storage (glucose)
  3. long term energy storage (fatty acid precursors/glycogen
  4. amino acid precursors (C skeleton)
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15
Q

Characteristics of glycolysis

A

anaerobic

occurs in cytosol

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16
Q

Characteristics and other names for the krebs cycle

A

the krebs cycle is also called the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle and the citric acid cycle

the krebs cycle is aerobic and occurs in the mitochondria

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17
Q

characteristics of oxidative phosphorylation

A

aerobic

occurs in the mitochondria

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18
Q

how much ATP does the priming stage of glycolysis use?

A

2 ATP

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19
Q

what are the key enzymes used in the priming stage of glycolysis

A

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase

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20
Q

hexokinase

A

removes a phosphate from ATP to make glucose-6-P

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21
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

takes a P from ATP to make fructose 1,6-P

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22
Q

what is the end product of the priming stage of glycolysis?

A

2 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-P

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23
Q

what is important about fructose 1,6-P?

A

it is so unstable it tears itself apart into glyceraldehyde 3-P and dihydroxyacetone-P

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24
Q

how many carbons are in glyceraldehyde 3-P

A

3

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25
What is the end product of the production stage of glycolysis
two glyceraldehyde 3-Ps are converted to two 1,3 bisphosphoglycerates, then to phosphophenolpyruvate and finally via pyruvate kinase to pyruvate
26
How much ATP is produced per glucose in the production stage of glycolysis
4
27
What is the net gain of ATP after the production stage of glycolysis
2
28
How much NADH is produced during the production stage of glycolysis?
2
29
What molecules are generated during the production stage of glycolysis?
4 ATP 2 NADH (note that two ATPs are used in the priming stage)
30
What enzymes are used during the production stage of glycolysis?
pyruvate kinase converts phosphophenylpyruvate to pyruvate
31
what does -kinase mean?
the enzyme adds a phosphate to something
32
what is the overall product of glycolysis?
glucose is oxidized to 2 pyruvates - uses 2 ATP - generates 2 net ATP and 2 NADHs
33
What can happen to pyruvate after glycolysis?
pyruvate can be fermented anaerobically to VFAs or it can go to the krebs cycle (aerobic)
34
How are NADH and FADH turned into ATP
they are put through the electron transport chain
35
What is the overall product of the krebs cycle?
3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 GTP After the ETS 12 ATP per acetyl CoA
36
What is produced during the krebs cycle per ONE pyruvate
3 NADH 1 FADH 1 GTP 12 ATP
37
what is the net amount of ATP that is produced after the krebs cycle from all preceding processes
38 ATP total at the end of this step
38
Where is the electron transport chain located?
The inner membrane of the mitochondria
39
What is the function of the ETC
synthesis of ATP source of energy
40
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
caused by a multi enzyme complex located on the inner membrane the inner membrane is impermeable to NAD+, NADH, ATP and ADP this causes a proton motive force that drives ATP synthesis
41
Proton motive force
a buildup of protons in the intermembrane space that drives ATP synthesis down a concentration gradient
42
What is the main enzyme that drives ATP formation from ADP and P?
ATP synthase or F1F0ATPase
43
How does ATP synthase make ATP
the flow of protons through the intermembrane space drives synthesis
44
In the ETC, how many protons does NADH move?
10 protons
45
in the ETC, how many protons does FADH move?
FADH moves 6 protons
46
How many protons are needed in the ETC for one full turn?
10 protons
47
How many ATP are created from one full turn during oxidative phosphorylation?
3 ATP
48
Glucose, a 6 carbon molecule, enters the cytosol, which is anaerobic, and is oxidized to 2 ____ , yielding ___ net ATP and ___ NADH molecules
pyruvate, 2, 2
49
Each pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria, which is an _____ environment, and is converted to 2 ______, which yields _____
aerobic, acetyl CoA, 2 NADH
50
One acetyl CoA enters the krebs cycle at a time. For each turn of the krebs cycle, one ______ yields 3 _____, 1 _____ and 1 _____. Thus, for each molecule of glucose the krebs cycle turns _____ and yields 6______, 2 _____ and 2 _____
Acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2, GTP, twice, NADH, FADH2, GTP
51
_____ and _____ enter oxidative phosphorylation. _______ yields 3 ATP and ______ yields 2 ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation regenerates ______ and ______ for glycolysis and the krebs cycle
NADH, FADH2. NADH, FADH2. NAD, FAD
52
Thus, 10 _____ from one molecule of glucose yields ____ ATP. Plus 2 ____ yields ____ ATP. Plus 4 _____ yields ____ ATP total.
NADH, 30. FADH, 4. ATP/GTP. 38
53
glucose oxidation is ____% efficient
42%
54
What happens to the 'wasted' energy in glucose oxidation?
heat and CO2
55
pyruvate can be fermented to...
lactic acid
56
fermentation of pyruvate serves this function
to regenerate NAD to continue glycolysis
57
Which metabolic process causes muscle soreness?
when LOTS of O2 is consumed during exercise, muscles revert to fermentation, generating lactic acid, which causes muscle soreness
58
How does alcohol alter metabolism?
Ethanol must be converted to acetaldehyde, then Acetyl CoA, using up valuable NAD. This prevents the krebs cycle from working and the acetyl coa is deposited as fat (beer belly)
59
Ruminants absorb very little glucose. What is their main energy source?
VFAs
60
How are VFAs absorbed?
they passively diffuse through the rumen wall
61
The VFA acetate enters the krebs cycle via
acetyl CoA
62
The VFA butyrate is converted to _______, then to ________
Ketones, Acetyl CoA
63
the VFA propionate enters the krebs cycle via _______
succinyl CoA
64
propionate can be converted to ________ and back to glucose
phosphenylpyruvate
65
What is the efficiency of VFA metabolism (per VFA)
1 glucose = 2 acetic acids + CO2 + CH4 = 62% efficient 1 glucose = 1 butyric acid + 2 CO2 = 78% efficient 1 glucose = 2 Propionic acids + 2 H2O = 109% efficient
66
Fuel sources in CHO metabolism
glucose, galactose, fructose - enter glycolysis fats and proteins enter the krebs cycle
67
These two organs control blood glucose levels
liver and pancrease (glucagon and insulin)
68
Insulin is secreted from the pancreas. What does it do?
increases storage/uptake of glucose by cells stimulate formation of glycogen by the liver
69
Glucagon is secreted from the pancreas. What does it do?
increases conversion of glycogen to glucose stimulate conversion of amino acids to glucose
70
glucocorticoids and epinepherine both....
increase blood glucose
71
20% of a liver's weight is _______
glycogen
72
glycogenesis
the production of glycogen happens following a meal, mediated by INSULIN
73
glycogenolysis
breaking down of glycogen mediated by GLUCAGON
74
gluconeogenesis
make glucose from non-carb sources reverse glycolysis, basically utilized most often in ruminants
75
propionate is often converted to _____ in ruminants
glucose

Animal Nutrition exam 4 (4 decks)

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