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Biochemisty > Carbohydrate Metabolism 9-19-16 > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism 9-19-16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major organs/cell types that regulate metabolically pathways?

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Liver
  3. Muscle
  4. Adipose Tissue
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2
Q

What are the cells in the Pancreas that help regulate metabolism and what are their function?

A

-Islet cells

Function: releases insulin, glucagon, and numerous hormones

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3
Q

What are the cells in the liver that regulate metabolism?

A

-hepatocytes

Function: maintains metabolic homeostasis by normalizing blood glucose, storing glycogen, and synthesizing and degrading glycogen, glucose, fatty acids, proteins and ketone bodies

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4
Q

What cells in muscle help regulate metabolism?

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac myocytes

Function: utilizes glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to fuel muscular activity

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5
Q

What cells in Adipose tissue help regulate metabolism?

A

Adipocyte

Function: Storage

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6
Q

Name the key regulators in metabolism

A
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Epinephrine
  • Glucose
  • ATP/AMP
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7
Q

Name the 4 functions of Glucose as a central metabolic component

A
  1. Source of ATP
  2. Energy Storage
  3. Molecular precursor
  4. Structural backbone
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8
Q

What are the 4 major pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism?

A
  1. Respiration –> Forms ATP
  2. Storage –> Forms glycogen
  3. Regenerative –> Forms glucose
  4. Synthetic –> Forms nucleus acids, lipids, amino acids
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9
Q

Which metabolic pathways are exclusive?

A
  • Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

- Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

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10
Q

What are the main catabolic pathways And their products?

A
  • Glycolysis -> ATP, NADH
  • Citric Acid Cycle -> ATP, NADH
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation -> ATP, CO2
  • Glycogenolysis -> Glucose
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11
Q

What are the major anabolic pathways and their products?

A
  • Glycogenesis -> Glycogen

- Gluconeogenesis -> Glucose

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12
Q

What enzymes help digest complex carbs?

A
  • Amylases
  • Lactase
  • Sucrase
  • Maltase
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13
Q

Describe Glycogen and why it is important

A
  • Branched glucose homopolysaccharide
  • primary mechanism for intracellular storage
  • Necessary to maintain cellular osmolarity
  • Forms large molecular complexes
  • Stored in granule organelles
  • Primarily found in the liver and muscle
    • 10% liver weight
    • 2% muscle by weight
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14
Q

What are the Steps in Glycogenesis?

A

Check on the power point

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15
Q

What are the steps of glycogenolysis?

A

Check on the slide

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16
Q

What are the two key enzymes in glycogen metabolism?

A
  • Glycogen Synthase

- Glycogen Phosphorylase

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17
Q

What protein regulates Glycogen Synthase and how does it do it?

A

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3

  • It phosphorylates glycogen synthase
  • Glycogen synthase is inactivated by phosphorylation
18
Q

What things activate PP1?

A
  • Insulin
  • Glucose 6-Phosphate
  • Glucose
19
Q

What inhibits PP1?

A
  • Glucagon

- Epinephrine

20
Q

What inhibits GSK3?

A

Insulin

21
Q

What are the two Glycogen Phosphorylase Allosteric forms?

A
  1. b (Less active) form

2. a (more active) form

22
Q

Where does Gluconeogenesis happen?

A
  • Primarily in the Liver

- Can occur in all cells

23
Q

What are the major sources of substrates to form Glucose?

A
  • Lactate is a big one

- Also pyruvate

24
Q

What is the major protein for signaling in driving metabolic states in different organs?

A

AMP Kinase (AMPK)

25
Q

What activates AMPK???

A

-Change in AMP concentration

26
Q

What processes occur and where during Feeding?

A
  • Pancreas: Insulin release
  • Liver: glycogen and fatty acid production
  • Adipose: Lipid storage, glycolysis, and lipid production
  • Muscle: glycolysis and glycogen production
27
Q

What processes happen and where during fasting?

A
  • Pancreas: Glucagon release
  • Liver: gluconeogenisis, glycogenolysis, ketone and glucose release
  • Adipiose: fatty acid and glycerol release
  • Muscle: ketone metabolism, reduced glycolysis
28
Q

What down regulates Pyruvate deydrogenase complex?

A
  • ATP
  • Acetyl-CoA
  • NADH
  • Fatty Acids
29
Q

What promotes pyruvate dehydrogenase activity?

A
  • AMP
  • CoA
  • NAD+
  • Ca2+
30
Q

What down regulates Citrate Synthase?

A
  • NADH
  • Succinyl-CoA
  • Citrate
  • ATP
31
Q

What promotes Citrate Synthase Activity?

A

-ADP

32
Q

What down regulates Isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A

ATP

33
Q

What promotes Isocitrate dehydrogenase Activity?

A
  • Ca2+

- ADP

34
Q

What down regulates the a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?

A
  • Succinyl-CoA

- NADH

35
Q

What promotes a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity?

A

Ca2+

36
Q

What down regulates Hexokinase?

A

Glucose 6-Phosphate

37
Q

What promotes Hexokinase Activity?

A

Phosphate

38
Q

What down regulates PFK1?

A
  • ATP

- Citrate

39
Q

What promotes PFK1 activity?

A
  • AMP

- ADP

40
Q

What down regulates pyruvate kinase

A
  • ATP

- NADH

41
Q

What promotes pyruvate Kinase Activity?

A

ADP

Biochemisty (23 decks)

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