Carbohydrate Metabolism and Glycolysis

Question 1

How many carbohydrate nomenclatures are there and what are they?

Answer 1

3: Hexose, Pentose, and D/L Sugars

Question 2

How many carbons are in a hexose?

Answer 2

6

Question 3

What are examples of a hexoses?

Answer 3

Glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose, and galactose

Question 4

Hexoses are also named what?

Answer 4

Monosaccharides

Question 5

How many carbons are on a pentose sugar?

Answer 5

5

Question 6

What are examples of a pentose sugar?

Answer 6

DNA, RNA, NADH, etc.

Question 7

In a pentose sugar, the OH is located on what carbon?

Answer 7

2’ carbon

Question 8

What does a the OH being on a 2’ carbon mean?

Answer 8

Less stable meaning that RNA degrades quickly

Question 9

An OH attached to a 2’ carbon is an indication of what molecule?

Answer 9

RNA

Question 10

An H added on a 2’ carbon is an indication of what molecule?

Answer 10

DNA

Question 11

When an OH is positioned downward on a hexose, what kind of stereoisomer is this?

Answer 11

Alpha

Question 12

When an OH is positioned downward on a hexose, what type of stereoisomer is present?

Answer 12

Beta

Question 13

D and L Sugars are known as what?

Answer 13

Enantiomers

Question 14

What are most sugars in mammals known as?

Answer 14

D- Sugars

Question 15

What are enatiomers?

Answer 15

Mirroring images of each other

Question 16

What is the function of glycolysis?

Answer 16

To convert glucose to three carbon compounds using the formation of ATP.

Question 17

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 17

Inside all cells, located specifically in the cytosol

Question 18

How many steps are there in Glycolysis?

Answer 18

Ten

Question 19

What is being converted from beginning to end of this process?

Answer 19

Glucose being converted into pyruvate

Question 20

What is the initial requirement for ATP?

Answer 20

2 ATP

Question 21

What is the NET production of ATP?

Answer 21

2

Question 22

What is the oxidative step in Glycolysis?

Answer 22

NAD+ being reduced to NADH

Question 23

When NAD+ is reduced to NADH, why is this needed?

Answer 23

To be replenished via fermentation or aerobic respiration

Question 24

What is the rate limiting step of Glycolysis?

Answer 24

Phosphofructokinase

Question 25

What does the enzyme phosphofructokinase convert?

Answer 25

Fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate

Question 26

What is the first step of glycolysis?

Answer 26

Glucose converting to glucose-6-phosphate

Question 27

Glucose enters through ... via ...

Answer 27

Glut transporter via passive transport

Question 28

What does hexokinase do to glucose?

Answer 28

Phosphorylates it so it won't be allowed to leave the cell.

Question 29

Hexokinase is found in what?

Answer 29

All liver cells

Question 30

Glucokinase is found where?

Answer 30

Only in in liver and pancreatic beta cells

Question 31

What is the 2nd step of glycolysis through what enzyme?

Answer 31

Glucose-6-phosphate converted to fructose-6-phosphate via phosphohexose ISOMERASE

Question 32

What does the rate limting step of phosphofructokinase indicate?

Answer 32

Addition of phosphate groups, making it mire vulnerable for cleavage by ALDOLASE

Question 33

What is the 3rd step of glycolysis?

Answer 33

Fructose-6-phosphate converted to fructose-1,6-biphosphate via the rate-limiting step of phosphofructokinase

Question 34

What is the 4th step of glycolysis?

Answer 34

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate converted to dihydroxyacetone (via ALDOLASE) /glyceraaldehyde-3-phosphate (via PHOSPHOTIROSE ISOMERASE)

Question 35

Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are what?

Answer 35

INTERCHANGEABLE

Question 36

What is the 5th step of glycolysis?

Answer 36

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate converted to 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate via GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE

Question 37

What is the 6th step of glycolysis?

Answer 37

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate converted to 3-Phosphoglycerate via PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE

Question 38

What is the 7th step of glycolysis?

Answer 38

3-phosphoglycerate converted to 2-phospho-glycerate via PHOSPHOGLYCERATE MUTASE

Question 39

What is the 8th step of Glycolysis?

Answer 39

2-phospho-glycerate converted to Phosphoenolpyriuvate via ENOLASE

Question 40

What is the 9th step of Glycolysis?

Answer 40

Phosphoenolpyruvate converted into Pyruvate via PYRUVATE KINASE

Question 41

During the conversion of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, what is yield to create the product 3-phosphoglycerate?

Answer 41

ADP which converts to ATP

Question 42

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Answer 42

Substrate particles in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction that yields ATP or GTP

Question 43

Glycolytic flux is controlled by the need for what?

Answer 43

ATP and/or for intermediates

Question 44

Where does the control for glycolytic flux occur?

Answer 44

Sites of irreversible reactions

Question 45

What are the minor regulations?

Answer 45

Hexokinase and pyruvate kinase

Question 46

What does phosphofructokinase respond to changes in?

Answer 46

Energy state of the cell, H+ concentration, Availability of alternate fuels, and Insulin/glucagon ratio

Question 47

What is inhibited in high energy state of a cell?

Answer 47

High ATP (product)

Question 48

What is inhibited of a H+ concentration?

Answer 48

High lactate levels (by-product (anaerobic))

Question 49

What is inhibited of the availability of alternate fuels?

Answer 49

High citrate levels

Question 50

the effect of fructose-2,6-biphosphate is an allosteric ... ?

Answer 50

Activator

Question 51

Since F-2,6-BP is an allosteric activator, this means there is an increase or decrease in activity of phosphofructokinase?

Answer 51

Increase

Question 52

An increase of blood glucose = and increase of ... that yields ...

Answer 52

Insulin that yields glycolysis

Question 53

A decrease of blood glucose = an increase of ... that inhibits ...

Answer 53

Glucagon that inhibits glycolysis

Question 54

During the regulation of Pyruvate Kinase, a decrease in blood glucose = a ... ?

Answer 54

Decrease of glycolysis

Question 55

Pyruvate kinase is the site of what regulation?

Answer 55

Secondary regulation

Question 56

The site of secondary regulation of pyruvate kinase undergoes what?

Answer 56

Phosphophorylation-dephosphorylation