CARBOHYDRATE (Prelim) Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
chemical formula of carbohydrates
A
(CH2O)n
2
Q
types of simple carbohydrates
A
MONOSACCHARIDE
DISACCHARIDE
3
Q
a single sugar
A
MONOSACCHARIDES
4
Q
double sugars
A
DISACCHARIDE
5
Q
Examples of Monosaccharides
A
GLUCOSE
GALACTOSE
FRUCTOSE
6
Q
dextrose or blood sugar
A
Glucose
7
Q
primary for fuel for the body
A
glucose
8
Q
found in all disaccharides and polysaccharides
A
glucose
9
Q
found in fruit, honey syrup
A
fructose
10
Q
converts to glucose in the body
A
Fructose
11
Q
part of lactose and found in milk
A
Galactose
12
Q
The first drop of the mother’s breast milk
A
Colostrum
13
Q
Examples of Disaccharide
A
MALTOSE
SUCROSE
LACTOSE
14
Q
glucose + glucose = ?
A
Maltose
15
Q
found in germinating seeds and used in fermentation to produce malted beverages such as beer and whiskey
A
Maltose
16
Q
refined from sugar beets and cane
A
Sucrose
17
Q
glucose + fructose = ?
A
Sucrose
18
Q
glucose + galactose = ?
A
Lactose
19
Q
milk sugar
A
Lactose
20
Q
missing digestive enzyme needed to split into two monosaccharide parts to absorb it
A
Lactose intolerance
21
Q
A complex carbohydrate
A
Polysaccharides
22
Q
example of polysaccharides
A
GLYCOGEN
STARCGES
FIBERS
23
Q
long chains of glucose found in Animals
A
Glycogen
24
Q
stored in liver and muscles, helps maintain blood glucose and important source of “quick energy” especially during exercise
A
Glycogen
25
long chains of glucose found in Plants
Starch
26
starch is present at ______
1. Cereal Grains (wheat, rice, corn)
2. Legumes (beans & peas)
3. Root vegetables (potatoes)
27
Mostly indigestible CHO; gums, mucilages, lignin
Fiber
28
component of plant cell wall
fiber
29
abundant in whole grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables
FIBER
30
non-viscous
Insoluble fibers
31
viscous and fermentable
soluble fibers
32
insoluble fibers such as _____
cellulose
lignins
33
soluble fibers such as ____
pectins
gums
mucilages
34
salivary amylase
mouth
35
fibers and satiety
Stomach
36
enzymes present in small intestine
maltase
sucrase
lactase
37
fermentation of viscous fibers; water, gas, short chain fatty acid production
Large intestine
38
Organs in Digestion
MOUTH
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE
PANCREAS
LARGE INTESTINE
39
pancreatic amylase
pancreas
40
_______, the end products of carbohydrate digestion, enter the capillaries of the intestinal villi
Monosaccharides
41
Monosaccharides, the end products of ______, enter the capillaries of the intestinal villi
carbohydrate digestion
42
Monosaccharides, the end products of carbohydrate digestion, enter the ______ of the intestinal villi
capillaries
43
Monosaccharides, the end products of carbohydrate digestion, enter the capillaries of the ______
intestinal villi
44
monosaccharides travel to the _____ via the portal vein
liver
45
monosaccharides travel to the liver via the _______
portal vein
46
______ travel to the liver via the portal vein
monosaccharides
47
in the _____, galactose and fructose are converted into glucose
liver
48
in the liver, galactose and fructose are converted into _____
glucose
49
in the liver, _______ are converted into glucose
galactose and fructose
50
glucose in the body are:
1. Used for energy
2. Stored as glycogen
3. Made from protein
4. Converted to fat
51
the glucose in the body is stored as glycogen where there is ____ in the liver and ____ in the muscles
1/3 in the liver;
2/3 in the muscle
52
made from protein
gluconeogenesis
53
when in excess of body’s needs, glucose in the body is _____
converted to fat
54
Regulating Hormones
1. Insulin
2. Glucagon
3. Epinephrine
55
maintain glucose homeostasis
regulating hormones
56
moves glucose from the blood into cells
insulin
57
signals the liver to release glucose into the blood
glucagon
58
released when emergency fuel needed
epinephrine
59
a diabetes due to failure of insulin production
Type 1
60
diabetes due to obesity
Type 2
61
diabetes rare in healthy people
Hypoglycemia
62
glycemic index
Glycemic Response
63
Accusations against sugat
1. causes obesity
2. causes heart disease
3. causes misbehavior in children, criminal behavior in adults
4. causes cravings and addiction
64
health effects of sugar
1. contains no nutrient and may contribute to malnutrition
2. causes dental carries
3. does not cause but can contribute to: diabetes, obesity, heart disease and behavioral problems
65
Dietary reference intake(DRI) for sugar
not more than 25% of total energy intake;
limit added sugars to <10% of total energy intake
66
complex carbohydrates and fiber may reduce the risk of:
1. Heart disease
2. Gl health
3. Weight management
4. Diabetes
5. Cancer
67
Diet high in complex CHO tend to be:
1. Lower in fat and calories
2. Higher in fiber, vitamins and minerals
68
Alternative Sweeteners (2)
1. Sugar Alcohols
2. Artificial Sweeteners
69
sugar alcohol examples
MANNITOL
SORBITOL
XYLITOL
70
sugar substitutes (calorie-free); in moderation, useful for blood sugar and weight control
Artificial Sweeteners
71
sugar alcohols may cause:
gas abdominal discomfort and diarrhea
72
Artificial Sweeteners examples
SACCHARIN
ASPARTAME
ACESULFAME-K
SUCRALOSE
73
saccharin means
“sweet N low” or “sugar twin”
74
aspartame means
“equal” or “nutrasweet”
75
Acesulfame-K means
“sunette” or “sweet one”
76
sucralose means
“splenda”
77
Alternatives to sugar (4)
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
Artificial Sweeteners and Weight Control
Saccharin and Cancer
Aspartame and PKU
78
used to figure calories per ounce for wine and distilled spirits
RULE OF THUMB
79
formula to obtain the calories/ounce of a wine
percent of alcohol by volume multiplied by 2
80
formula to obtain calories per ounce of a distilled spirits(hard liquor)
proof minus 15
81
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of Carbohydrates
• 130 g/day
• 45% - 65% total daily energy intake
Daily value: 300 g/day
82
Daily value for fiber
25 g/day
AI: 14g/1000kcal per day
