Carbohydrates

Question 1

What elements are carbohydrates (sugar) made of?

Answer 1

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen

Question 2

What are the monomer and polymers that make up more complex carbohydrates?

Answer 2

monomer = monosaccharides
two monomer = disaccharide
polymer = polysaccharides

Question 3

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 3

The simplest type of carbohydrate that can join to make polysaccharides (more complex carbohydrates)

Also known as single sugars

Question 4

What are monosaccharides with 3 carbons, 4 carbons, 5 carbons, 6 carbons called?

Answer 4

3 carbons = Triose
4 carbons = Tetrose
5 carbons = Pentose
6 carbons = Hexose

Question 5

What are examples of hexose monosaccharides?

Answer 5

• glucose
• fructose
• galactose

Question 6

What is an example of pentose monosaccharides?

Answer 6

ribose

Question 7

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

Answer 7

(CH2O)n

Question 8

What type of monosaccharide is glucose?

Answer 8

hexose monosaccharide

Question 9

What are the two isomers of glucose?

Answer 9

alpha glucose and beta glucose

Question 10

What are disaccharides?

Answer 10

two monosaccharides joined together by a condensation reaction
(also called double sugar)

Question 11

What bond do monosaccharides form when joined together by condensation reactions?

Answer 11

glycosidic bond

Question 12

What are examples of disaccharides?

Answer 12

• sucrose (energy source in germinating seeds)
• maltose (transport in phloem)
• lactose (energy source in milk)

Question 13

What monosaccharides form maltose?

Answer 13

α glucose + α glucose → maltose

Question 14

What monosaccharides form sucrose?

Answer 14

α glucose + fructose → sucrose

Question 15

What monosaccharides form lactose?

Answer 15

α glucose + galactose → lactose

Question 16

Why are monosaccharides soluble in water?

Answer 16

So they can dissolve and travel through the organism.

for example being able travel in the bloodstream

Question 17

What type of bond is a glycosidic bond?

Answer 17

covalent bond that joins monosaccarides together

Question 18

Where is maltose found?

Answer 18

germinating seeds

where it is broken down more comples carbohydrates to use as energy for the plant

Question 19

Where is sucrose found?

Answer 19

Plant stems (sugar cane)

Question 20

Where is lactose found?

Answer 20

milk

to provide energy for infant mamels

Question 21

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 21

they are complex carbohydrates made when more than two monosaccharides are joined together by condensation reaction.

Question 22

Why are polysaccharides good energy stores?

Answer 22

• insoluble (don’t affect cells water potential)
• large molecules (they can’t leave the cell)
• Helical structure (they are compact)

Question 23

What are examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 23

• starch
• glycogen
• cellulose

Question 24

What give polysaccharides variety?

Answer 24

• you can use differnet thypes of monosaccarides

- you can also change how the monosaccarides are bonded together

Question 25

What do plants store excess glucose as?

Answer 25

Starch | When more glucose is needed then the starch is broken down to release the glucose

Question 26

What monosaccharides makeup starch?

Answer 26

alpha glucose

Question 27

What two polysaccharides make up starch?

Answer 27

- Amylose | - Amylopectin

Question 28

What is the structure of Amylose?

Answer 28

a long, unbranched chain of a-glucose that coils into a helix shape has 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 29

What benefit does amylose's coiled structure give it?

Answer 29

Makes it good for stoarge of energy | you can fit more in less space

Question 30

What is the structure of Amylopectin?

Answer 30

Long, branched-chain of a-glucose It has side branches that give enzymes more openings to attach to it and break it down it has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 31

What benefit do amylopectins more branched structure give?

Answer 31

More oppertunities for enzympes to break the bonds means that the glucose can be released quickly

Question 32

Why is starch a good store of energy?

Answer 32

- insoluble (don't affect cells water potential) - large molecules (they can't leave the cell) - Helical structure (they are compact)

Question 33

In what form do animals store glucose?

Answer 33

glycogen

Question 34

What is the structure of glycogen?

Answer 34

glycogen is a long, branched-chain of α glucose has both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bond it is also very compact (good store of energy) similar to amylopectin but it has a lot more side branches

Question 35

Why is it important that glycogen has lot's of side branches?

Answer 35

So glucose can be released quickly which is important in animals since have higher metabolic requirements than plants.

Question 36

What is structure of cellulose?

Answer 36

Long, unbranched chains of beta-glucose form straight cellulose chains. The cellulose chains are linked together with hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres

Question 37

What is the name of the strong fibres that cellulose chains form?

Answer 37

microfibrils

Question 38

What do the strong fibres help cellulose do?

Answer 38

Provide structural support for the cell | in plant cell wall

Question 39

What must happen structurally for the beta glucose in cellulose chains to form a 1,4 glycosidic bond?

Answer 39

Each beta-glucose must be inverted 180° from the previus molecule. (so that the hydoxylic groups are facing each other)

Question 40

What is the most abundant organinc material found on earth and why?

Answer 40

Cellulose | main component for plant walls

Question 41

Why is cellulose indigestible for animals?

Answer 41

Most animals lack the enzyme cellulase which is needed to break the 1,4 glycosidic of cellulose. Making it a bad store of energy for animals

Question 42

Why is cellulose still important in human diet?

Answer 42

Provide fiberes that keep the digestive system healthy

Question 43

How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?

Answer 43

Bacteria live in their digestive systems and help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals