CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
Most abundant group of organic molecules in nature
A
Carbohydrates
2
Q
First product formed during Photosynthesis
A
Carbohydrates
3
Q
How many kcal of Energy does 1 gram of carbohydrate contains?
A
4
4
Q
General test for Carbohydrate
A
Anthrone test
5
Q
Positive result for anthrone test
A
blue or green solution
6
Q
Three classes of sugar
A
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
7
Q
Four functions of carbohydrates
A
Storage of energy
Source of energy
Cell components
Structural component
8
Q
Storage of energy in plants
A
Starch
9
Q
Storage of energy in animals
A
GLycogen
10
Q
Simplest CHO units
A
Monosaccharides
11
Q
Change that monosaccharides undergoes through
A
Mutarotation
12
Q
7 monosaccharides
A
Diose Triose Tetrose Pentose Hexose Heptose Nonose
13
Q
Example of diose
A
Hydroxyacetaldehyde
14
Q
2 kinds of triose
A
Aldotriose
Ketotriose
15
Q
4 examples of pentoses
A
Ribose
Ribulose
Xylose
Xylulose
16
Q
Product of gum hydrolysis
A
Ribose
17
Q
Where is ribose found
A
RNA
18
Q
AKA “wood sugar”
A
Xylose
19
Q
Use of xylose
A
diagnostic aid for intestinal absorption
20
Q
Test for Pentoses
A
Bials Test
Benzidine Test
21
Q
Most important monosaccharides
A
Hexose
22
Q
Other names of glucose
A
“grape sugar”
“physiologic sugar”
“blood sugar”
“corn sugar”
23
Q
Hexose aka Dextrose
A
Glucose
24
Q
Normal value in the blood:
A
80-120mg
25
3 forms of glucose
Dextrose excipient
Liquid glucose
Dextrates
26
Product of incomplete (acid) hydrolysis of starch
Liquid glucose
27
Fructose another name
Levulose
28
Fructose common name
Fruit sugar
| Sweetest sugar
29
“Brain Sugar”
Galactose
30
Where is galactose most rapidly absorbed
Small intestines
31
Where is galactose found
MIlk
32
Two monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bond
Disaccharide
33
2 common names of sucrose
Table sugar
| Invert sugar
34
Glucose + fructose =
Sucrose
35
Only disaccharide that occurs in free state
sucrose
36
Three sources of sucrose
Sugar beet
Sugar cane
Sugar mapple
37
Sugar beets SN
Beta vulgaris
38
SUgar cane SN
Saccharum officinarum
39
Sugar Mapple SN
Acer saccharum
40
How is sucrose prepared from sugar cane?
Boiled with lime
41
Two uses of lime in preparation of sucrose
Neutralize plant acids
| Coagulate albumins
42
Three syrup uses
Mask disagreeable taste
Bacteriostatic
Self-preserving
43
Universally distributes sugar in green leaves & in stems
Saccharose
44
Malt Sugar
Maltose
45
Glucose + Glucose =
Maltose
46
Major degradation product of starch hydrolysis
Maltose
47
Milk Sugar
Lactose
48
Glucose + Galactose =
Lactose
49
Where is lactose found?
Lactose
50
Two uses of lactose
Tablet diluent
| Infant feeding
51
5 sugars under disaccharides
```
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Milk Products
Lactulose
```
52
Fermented milk
Kumyss
53
The liquid separated from coagulum
Whey
54
Churned whole milk makes
Butter and buttermilk
55
Rancid Flavor of Butter left at room temperature is because of
Butyric acid
56
Separated buttermilk makes
Skimmed milk and cream
57
Skimmed milk with rennin makes
Whey and coagulum
58
Two brand names of lactulose
Duphalac
| Lilac
59
Fructose + Galactose =
Lactulose
60
Use of lactulose
laxative
61
Sugars with 3-10 monosaccharide units
Oligiosaccharides
62
2 sugars under oligosaccharides
Maltose
| Dextrin
63
Intermediate product of acid hydrolysis
Maltose
64
Responsible for the browning of bread
Dextrin
65
Product of partial hydrolysis o starch
Dextrin
66
Two types of polysaccharides
Homoglycans
| Heteroglycans
67
Complex, high MW polymer of monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
68
Structural polysaccharides in plant
Cellulose
69
Makes up the cell wall of plants
Cellulose
70
Four forms of cellulose
Purified Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Powdered Cellulose
Microcrystalline Cellulose
Purified Rayon
71
Six cellulose derivatives
```
Methylcellulose
Ethylcellulose
Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
Pyroxylin
Cellulose acetate phthalate
Caboxymethylcellulose
```
72
How to make collodion
Pyroxylin + Ether/Alcohol
73
How to make flexible collodion
Collodion + 3% Castor OIl + Camphor
74
Six sugars under homoglycans polysaccharides
```
Cellulose
Chitin
Starch
Inulin
Glycogen
Dextran
```
75
Structural polysaccharides in animals & fungi
Chitin
76
Homopolyglycan of N-acetylglucosamine
Chitin
77
Acid present in Chitin that cannot be found in cellulose
Galacturonic Acid
78
Two components of starch
Amylase
| Amylopectin
79
B-amylose component of starch
Amylose
80
a-amylose component of starch
Amylopectin
81
Linearity of amylose
LInear
82
Linearity of amylopectin
Branched
83
Component of starch that is less soluble in water
Amylose
84
Component of starch that is more soluble in water
Amylopectin
85
Size of amylose
250-300 units
86
Size of amylopectin
More than 1000 units
87
Confirmatory test for starch
Iodine test
88
Iodine test result of amylose
Dark blue
89
Iodine test result of amylopectin
Blue to violet
90
Which component of starch has greater proportion in starch?
Amylopectin
91
Enzyme in pancreatic juice & saliva
B-amylase
92
Removes maltose units from the non-reducing ends of polysaccharide molecules
a-amylase
93
Where is starch isolated from
Rhizome
Fruit
Seed
94
Four official sources of starch
Corn ( Zea mays)
Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Rice (Oryza sativa)
Wheat ( Triticum aestivum)
95
Unofficial source for starch
Arrow root (Maranta Arundinacea)
96
Five uses of starch
```
Dusting powder
Tablet diluent
Tablet binding
Tablet disintegrant
Antidote for iodine toxicity
```
97
Five forms of starch
```
Glutens
Hetastarin
Pregelatinized starch
Sodium starch glycolate
Starch paste
```
98
How is starch paste made
Dispersing starch in cold water
99
Tacky proteins removed from corn & wheat in the preparation of starch
Glutens
100
Use of Sodium Starch Glycolate
Disintegrating agent
101
Where is glycogen stored
liver & skeletal muscles
102
Difference on the branches of starch and glycogen
Glycogen is more branched
103
Three inulin uses
Improve digestion
Culture media
Diagnostic aid to estimate GFR
104
Two kinds of metabolically-related drugs
Acids
| Alcohols
105
9 acids under metabolically-related drugs
```
Lactic Acid
Aldonic Acid
Acetic Acid
Concentrated Acid
Citric Acid
Cherry Acid
Oxalic Acid
Sugar Acids
Tartaric Acid
```
106
Three alcohols under metabolically-related drugs
Ethanol
Mannitol
Sorbitol
107
Cherry SN
Prunus cerasus
108
Acid that is tricarboxylic acid
Citric acid
109
Who first idolated lemon juice
Scheele
110
Two uses of acetic acid
Laxative
| Food preservative
111
Where is oxalic acid found
Fruits of Averrhoa balimbi
112
Oxalic acid use:
Bleaching agent
113
Where is sugar acids produced from?
oxidation of Disaccahrides & Monosaccharides
114
Used to differentiate citric & tartaric acids
Denige's Test
115
Acid with dicarboxylic acid
Tartaric Acid
116
byproduct of the wine industry
Tartaric Acid
117
Two acids that are both buffer and acidulant in effervescent formulation
Citric Acid and tartaric Acid
118
Substance accumulates in the muscle as a result of vigorous exercise
Lactic Acid
119
Natural plant hydrocolloids
Gums
120
Solubility of gums in water
Readily dissolve in H2O
121
AKA D- glucitol
Sorbitol
122
How is ethanol made
Fermentation
| Distillation
123
Distilled spirits produced by distillation
Brandy
Whiskey
Rum
124
Sources of the three distilled spirits
Brandy - wine
Whiskey - malted grain
Rum - molasses
125
Residual dark colored syrup left upon crystallization of sucrose.
Molasses
126
Two uses of wine
Mild stimulant
| Tonic
127
Whiskey & Brandy use
CNS Depressant
128
Use of tannin in wine
Clarifying Agent
129
Use of yeast in wine
Enzyme for fermentation
130
Two uses of mannitol
Laxative oral
| Osmotic diuretic inj
131
Source of mannitol
Manna
132
Source of manna
Dried saccharine exudates of Fraximus ornus
133
Source of sorbitol
Mountain Ash
134
Scientific name of Mountain Ash
Gorbus acuparia
135
Three uses of sorbitol
Humectants
Non caloric sweeteners
Osmotic laxative at high doses
136
Adverse effect of sorbitol in diabetics
Cataract
137
6 kinds of gums and mucilages
```
Shrub & tree exudates
Marine gums
Seed gums
Plant exudates
Starch & cellulose derivatives
```
138
Solubility of mucilages in water
form slimy masses
139
Four examples under Shrub & Tree exudates
Karaya gum
Ghatii gum
Acacia
Tragacanth
140
Tragacanth SN
Astragalus gummifer
141
Most acid-resistant hydrocolloid
Tragacanth
142
Two uses of tragacanth
Suspending agent
| Emulsifying agent
143
Composition of tragacanth with fraction
Tragacanthin 1/3
| Bassorin 2/3
144
Two other names of acacia
Egyptian gum
| Gum Arabic
145
Acacia SN
Acacia Senegal
146
Acacia SN
Acacia Senegal
147
Acacia uses (BEADS)
```
Suspending agent\
Demulcent
Emollient
Adhesive
Binder
```
148
Ghatti gum AKA
Indian Gum
149
Ghatti gum SN
Anogienssus latifolia
150
Difference of ghatti gum to acacia
Ghatii is more viscous
151
Karaya gum SN
Sterculia Gum
152
Three uses of Karaya gum
Bulk laxative
Emulsifying
Suspending
153
Four gums under marine gums
Algin
Agar
Carrageenan
Danish agar
154
Algin SN
Macrocystis pyrifera
155
Four uses of agar
Laxative
Suspending agent
Gelling agent
Solid bacteriostatic
156
Agar SN
Gellidium cartilagenium
157
Furcellaran SN
Furcellaria fastigiata
158
Danish agar other name
Furcellaran
159
Danish agar use
Gelling agent
160
Plantago SN
Platago psyllium
Psyllium indica
Plantago ovate
161
Fruit part used in plantago
Ripe seed coat
162
Use of plantago
bulk laxative
163
Cydonium CN
Quince Seed
164
Cydonium SN
Cydonia vulgaris
165
Three guar gum use
Bulk laxative
Thickener
Disintegrant
166
Source of guar gum
Endosperm of guaran
167
Guaran SN
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
168
Four seed gums
Cydonium
Guar gum
Locust bean gum
Plantago
169
Locust bean gum source
endosperm of carob or St. John’ Bread
170
St. John's Bread SN
Ceratonia siliqua
171
Locust Bean Gum three uses
Thickener
Stabilizer
Chocolate substitute
172
Two microbial gums
Xanthan gum
| Dexthran gum
173
Xanthan gum SN
Xanthomonas campestris
174
Xanthan gum use
Pseudoplastic flow
175
Three forms of pectin
Protopectin
Pectin
Pectinic acid
176
Source of protopectin
unripe fruits
177
Pectin source
Ripe fruit
178
Pectinic acid source
Overripe fruit
179
Which of the different pectin forms is soluble
Pectin
180
Pomelo SN
Citrus grandis
181
Orange SN
C. aurantum
182
Dalanghita SN
C. nobilis
183
Ponkan SN
C. sinensis
184
Calamansi SN
C. microcarpa
185
Grapefruit SN
C. paradise
186
Lemon
C. limon
187
Apple SN
Pyrus malus
188
Three pectin uses
Protectant
Suspending agent
Antidiarrheal
