Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are the compounds of carbohydrates?

Answer 1

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

Question 2

What’s the generic formula for carbohydrates?

Answer 2

CnH2nOn

Question 3

What are the three functions of carbs?

Answer 3

Source of energy
Store of energy
Structural support

Question 4

What are the three main types of carbohydrates

Answer 4

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 5

Monosaccharides

Answer 5

Simplest forms of carbohydrates that are used as building blocks for more complex carbohydrates.

Question 6

Trioses
Number of carbon atoms
Involved in…

Answer 6

3 carbon atoms
Metabolic reactions

Question 7

Pentoses
Number of carbons
Formation of…

Answer 7

5 carbon atoms
Nucleic acid DNA/RNA

Question 8

Hexoses
Number of carbon atoms
Main source of…

Answer 8

6 carbon atoms e.g glucose
Energy

Question 9

Definition of Isomerism

Answer 9

Two molecules that have the same chemical formula but they have different structural formulas.

Question 10

What is different in alpha glucose to beta glucose?

Answer 10

In alpha glucose the hydroxyl group (OH) is underneath C1.

Question 11

Where is the hydroxyl group in the beta glucose?

Answer 11

Above carbon atom 1

Question 12

What acronym is used to remember the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

Answer 12

A Alpha
B Below
B Beta
A Above

Question 13

What are the two properties of monosaccharides?

Answer 13

Soluble
Sweet tasting

Question 14

Explain the role of monosaccharides as an energy source in respiration.
GLUCOSE

Answer 14

C-H bonds and C-C bonds are broken: release energy
Energy transferred to make ATP
ATP is the energy currency of the cell

Question 15

Monosaccharides as building blocks

Answer 15

To make larger molecules e.g glucose to make starch, glycogen and cellulose

Question 16

As intermediates in reactions

Answer 16

Trioses - intermediates in respiration and photosynthesis reactions

Question 17

Constituents of nucleotides

Answer 17

e.g deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA, ATP and ADP

Question 18

What is removed during â Condensation Reaction?

Answer 18

H2O Water

Question 19

What is Hydrolysis?

Answer 19

Chemical addition of water to break bonds
Breaks a disaccharide into 2 monosaccharide

Question 20

Between which two carbon atoms does a glycosidic bond form?

Answer 20

1 and 4

Question 21

What bond forms between two monosaccharides and define it.

Answer 21

Glycosidic - two carbon atoms end up sharing an oxygen atom

Question 22

What is formed when two monosaccharide bond together?

Answer 22

Disaccharide

Question 23

Name the 3 disaccharides you must learn

Answer 23

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

Question 24

What are the monosaccharide units of Sucrose

Answer 24

Glucose + Fructose

Question 25

What monosaccharides form lactose

Answer 25

Glucose + Galactose

Question 26

What monosaccharides form maltose

Answer 26

Glucose + Glucose

Question 27

What does Benedict’s test for

Answer 27

Reducing sugars in solutions

Question 28

What must you remember to do in a Benedcit’s test?

Answer 28

Heat the solution in a water bath

Question 29

What will happen to the solution if a reducing sugar is present in a solution

Answer 29

From blue to green, yellow, orange and finally brick red The colour of the precipitate depends upon the concentration of the reducing sugar

Question 30

Definition of polymer

Answer 30

A large molecule comprising repeated units, monomers, bonded together.

Question 31

What reaction takes place to turn monomers into polymers

Answer 31

Polymerisation

Question 32

Polysaccharides

Answer 32

Polymers made up of hundreds of monosaccharide units

Question 33

4 examples of polysaccharides

Answer 33

Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin

Question 34

What reaction take place in the formation of polysaccharides

Answer 34

Condensation where water is lost

Question 35

Are polysaccharides sweet tasting?

Answer 35

No, they’re not sugars

Question 36

What is the reverse reaction of a condensation reaction?

Answer 36

Hydrolysis- chemical addition of water

Question 37

What molecules is starch made up of?

Answer 37

Alpha glucose

Question 38

What two polymers form starch?

Answer 38

Amylose and Amylopectin

Question 39

What type of molecule is starch?

Answer 39

Polysaccharide

Question 40

Is starch soluble or insoluble?

Answer 40

Insoluble

Question 41

What solution detects the presence of starch?

Answer 41

Iodine

Question 42

What colour change is seen if starch is present and tested with iodine?

Answer 42

From brown-orange to blue-black

Question 43

Describe Amylose

Answer 43

A linear, unbranched polymer with alpha1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 44

What describes the shape of amylose

Answer 44

Alpha-helix

Question 45

Describe Amylopectin

Answer 45

Chains of glucose monomers joined with alpha1-4 glycosidic bonds, cross linked with alpha1-6 bonds

Question 46

Describe the properties of starch

Answer 46

Hydrolyses quickly No osmotic effect

Question 47

What is glycogen’s function

Answer 47

Main storage product in animals Muscles and liver

Question 48

What is glycogen similar to

Answer 48

Amylopectin

Question 49

What bonds are present in glycogen?

Answer 49

Alpha1-4 and Alpha1-6 glycosidic bonds

Question 50

What’s the difference between glycogen and amylopectin?

Answer 50

Glycogen have shorter alpha1-4 linked chain and therefore more branched

Question 51

the type of reaction that occurs when a disaccharide is formed from two monosaccharides is

Answer 51

condensation

Question 52

the type of bond that forms when a disaccharide is formed from two monosaccharides is called

Answer 52

glycosidic bond

Question 53

the products of hydrolysis of lactose are

Answer 53

alpha-glucose and alpha-glucose

Question 54

starch is a polymer made from which monomer

Answer 54

alpha-glucose

Question 55

the most important carbohydrate fuel in human cells is

Answer 55

glucose

Question 56

saccharides contain the following combination of elements

Answer 56

carbon, hydrogen

Question 57

what type of carbohydrate is cellulose? (storage/structural)

Answer 57

structural polysaccharide

Question 58

what monosaccharide makes up cellulose?

Answer 58

beta-glucose

Question 59

what bonds and characteristics are present in cellulose?

Answer 59

1,4 glycosidic bonds forming long, unbranched chains hydrogen bonds in the microfibril

Question 60

what is the purpose of microfibrils?

Answer 60

strength

Question 61

describe microfibrils

Answer 61

adjacent glucose molecules are rotated 180*

Question 62

what bonds are present in the microfibrils of cellulose?

Answer 62

hydrogen bonds

Question 63

what type of polysaccharide is chitin?

Answer 63

structural

Question 64

what is the monomer of chitin?

Answer 64

beta-glucose

Question 65

list 2 of chitin's functions

Answer 65

exoskeleton of insects fungal cell wall

Question 66

describe what is meant by GLUCOSAMINE in chitin

Answer 66

amino acid side chains - the amino acid group which has reacted with beta-glucose

Question 67

describe the 3 similarities between chitin and cellulose

Answer 67

-long chains of beta-glucose 1,4 linked monomers -monomers rotated 180* in relation to neighbour -long parallel chains are cross linked by hydrogen binds

Question 68

what's one difference between the groups in chitin and cellulose?

Answer 68

chitin has groups derived from amino acids

Question 69

Why does amylose coil up?

Answer 69

more compact within cell walls. hydrogen bonds. no osmotic effect on cells

Question 70

what are the 3 functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 70

source of energy, sores energy, structural support

Question 71

What are three main types of carbohydrates?

Answer 71

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 72

list two examples of pentose sugars

Answer 72

Ribose, Dioxiribose

Question 73

What is the difference between alpha-glucose and beta-glucose?

Answer 73

The location of the hydroxyl group in the structural formula. alpha the OH is beneath, beta the OH is above the carbon atom 1.