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CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

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1
Q

Immediate sources of energy for the body

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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2
Q

Provides structural integrity to cell membrane

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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3
Q

Determines antigenicity

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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4
Q

Extraneous origin

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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5
Q

Carbohydrates is classified into

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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6
Q

Under Monosaccharides

A

D-Glucose
D-galactose
D-fructose

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7
Q

is the most important of all the simple carbohydrates.

A

D-Glucose

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8
Q

hydrolyzed into 2 glucose units

A

Maltose

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9
Q

hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose

A

Sucrose

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10
Q

hydrolyzed into glucose and galactose

A

Lactose

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11
Q

Under Polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Inulin (fructose units)

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12
Q

Carbohydrate measurements are important in diseases that result from abnormal carbohydrate metabolism such as

A

hypoglycemia and diabetes mellitus

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13
Q

Lactase deficiency will lead to

A

Lactose intolerance

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14
Q

Deficiency in either galactokinase or galactose phosphate-1-phosphate uridyl transferase will cause

A

galactosemia

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15
Q

galactosemia is screened using

A

Guthrie test and Beutler method.

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16
Q

Specimens used for carbohydrate measurements include

A

whole blood, plasma or serum.

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17
Q

needed for HbA1c determination.

A

Hemolysate

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18
Q

It is the only hormone that lowers blood glucose by inhibiting glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis in the liver and increasing glucose uptake by the peripheral tissues.

A

Insulin

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19
Q

Insulin lowers blood glucose by

A

inhibiting glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis in the liver and
increasing glucose uptake by the peripheral tissues.

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20
Q

It is produced by the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.

A

Insulin

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21
Q

It is inhibited by the scarcity of dietary fuels and during periods of trauma due to increased epinephrine levels.

A

Insulin

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22
Q

Active insulin comes from the cleavage of

A

C-peptide off the pro-insulin

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23
Q

has become a marker for endogenous production of insulin to differentiate it from exogenous insulin.

A

C-peptide

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24
Q

Elevated levels of C-peptide suggests

A

hyperinsulinism

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25
Normal value of C-peptide
<1.2 ng/ml
26
The C-peptide to insulin ratio is expected to be
5:1
27
oppose many actions of insulin
Glucagon hormones epinephrine cortisol GH
28
It increases glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Glucagon
29
It is produced by the alpha-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
Glucagon
30
It increases blood glucose by activating adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP which further activates the enzyme phosphorylase causing increased glycogenolysis .
Epinephrine
31
Like glucagon, it is responsible in the short-term glucose regulation.
Epinephrine
32
It is produced by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
Epinephrine
33
It increases blood glucose primarily by stimulating gluconeogenesis by promoting protein catabolism and deamination and it inhibits glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues.
Cortisol
34
Like the GH, it promotes long-term regulation of blood glucose.
Cortisol
35
It is produced by the fascicular cells of the adrenal cortex upon the stimulation by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Cortisol
36
It increases blood glucose by inhibiting uptake of glucose by cells and due to its antagonistic action on insulin.
Growth Hormone
37
It is produced by the anterior pituitary gland
Growth Hormone
38
It increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis, accelerating degradation of insulin and promoting absorption of glucose in the intestinal tract..
Thyroid Hormone
39
It is synthesized by the thyroid follicles of the thyroid gland.
Thyroid Hormone
40
It inhibits both insulin and glucagon.
Somatostatin
41
It is produced by the delta-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
Somatostatin
42
Normal value of Serum or plasma
50-110mg/dL (2.8–6.2mmol/L)
43
Normal value of Serum or plasma
50-110mg/dL (2.8–6.2mmol/L)
44
In serum or plasma, The conversion factor from mg % to mM is
0.055
45
lower than serum or plasma by 10% due to volume occupied by 1 RBCs during measurement
Whole blood
46
normal values for CSF
40–70 mg/dL (60– 75% of the level in serum or plasma)
47
Delay in glucose testing would require
fluoride or iodoacetate
48
to prevent glycolysis for 48 hours at 4 deg Celsius.
Two (2) mg of NaF per ml of whole blood
49
Reduction Methods
Copper Reduction Methods Ferric Reduction Tests
50
Copper Reduction Methods
Folin-Wu Somogyi-Nelson Neocuproine Benedict Schaeffer-Hartmann-Somogyi
51
whole blood is deproteinized using 10% sodium tungstate and 2/3N sulfuric acid; cuprous oxide formed is allowed to react in a hot alkaline solution with phosphomolybdate reagent to produce phosphomolybdenum blue complex.
Folin-Wu
52
serum is deproteinized using 5% zinc sulfate and 0.3N barium hydroxide; the cuprous oxide formed is allowed to react with arsenomolybdate to produce arsenomolybdenum blue
Somogyi-Nelson
53
the deproteinization process of Somogyi-Nelson is able to remove
NGRS measuring true glucose value
54
End product of Folin-Wu
phosphomolybdenum blue complex
55
The end product of Somogyi-Nelson
arsenomolybdenum blue
56
adapted to automation; sample is deproteinized by tungstate or dialysis; cuprous oxide formed is allowed to react with neocuproine (2,9-d imethyl- 1, 10 phenanthroline hydrochloride) to form a yellow to orange product
Neocuproine
57
modification of Folin-Wu employed in testing urine sugars.
Benedict
58
titrimetric method using iodine to oxidize cuprous oxide formed and the excess iodine in the blank and the sample is titrated with thiosulfate.
Schaeffer-Hartmann-Somogyi
59
Under Ferric Reduction Tests
Hagedorn-Jensen
60
uses ferricyanide ions instead of cupric ions; the yellow ferricyanideis reduced to colorless ferrocyanide solution and the decrease in absorbance is monitored
Hagedorn-Jensen
61
offers advantage over cuprous ions by being less reoxidizable by air
ferrocyanide
62
Condensation Methods
Dubowski (Ortho-toluidine method) Anthrone condensatio
63
glucose condenses with an aromatic amine, o-toluidine in hot glacial HAc to produce a green colored N- glycosylamine and a Schiff’s base
Dubowski (Ortho-toluidine method)
64
considered as the most specific nonenzymatic for glucose
Dubowski (Ortho-toluidine method)
65
glucose is converted into hydroxymethylfurfural in hot strong acid and reacts with the enol tautomer of anthrone to form a green product
Anthrone condensatio
66
Enzymatic Methods
Glucose Oxidase (GOD) Coupled Reaction Polarographic GOD Method
67
converts glucose, in the presence of oxygen, into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. In the presence of the enzyme peroxidase, a reduced chromogen is oxidized to give a colored compound; vitamin C interferes in the test.
GOD
68
oxidized to a quinone imine dye (pink to red)
p-aminophenazone (PAP)
69
which is oxidized to an orange product
o-dianisidine
70
which is oxidized to a green product
o-toluidine
71
which is oxidized to a blue product
indophenol blue
72
which is oxidized into a purple product.
iodide
73
This is based on the consumption of oxygen during the enzyme catalysis of glucose conversion.
Polarographic GOD Method
74
The oxygen consumed in polarographic GOD method is monitored using a
Clark electrode (amperometric technique)
75
The most specific method and therefore the reference method for glucose determination.
Hexokinase Method
76
Glucose is phosphorylated in the presence of__________ to form glucose-6-phosphate
hexokinase and magnesium ions
77
a group of diseases in which blood glucose levels are elevated due to deficiency in insulin action.
Diabetes Mellitus
78
Classical manifestations (3 Ps) of Diabetes Mellitus
Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia
79
excessive urine volume
Polyuria
80
excessive thirst
Polydipsia
81
excessive eating
Polyphagia

Clinical Chemistry (19 decks)

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