Carbohydrates

Question 1

Compound containing C, H, and O and considered as the major source of energy supply for the body and stored as glycogen in the muscles

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

Monosaccharides are:

Answer 2

Simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form; there is one sugar molecule

Question 3

Lactose is composed of

Answer 3

1 glucose, 1 galactose

Question 4

Sucrose is composed of

Answer 4

1 glucose, 1 fructose

Question 5

Carbohydrates can form ________ with other carbohydrates and with moncarbohydrates

Answer 5

Glycosidic bonds

Question 6

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

Answer 6

Gluconeogenesis

Question 7

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 7

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

Question 8

Decomposition of fat

Answer 8

Lipolysis

Question 9

Glycogenolysis

Answer 9

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

Question 10

Glycogenesis

Answer 10

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

Question 11

Action of Insulin

Answer 11

• Increases glycogenesis and glycolysis
• Increases lipogenesis
• Decreases glycogenolysis

Question 12

Action of Glucagon

Answer 12

• Increases glycogenolysis
• Increases gluconeogenesis

Question 13

It decreases glucose and is named as the hypoglycemic agent

Answer 13

Insulin

Question 14

Acts by increasing blood glucose levels by glyconeogenesis and named as the hyperglycemic agent

Answer 14

Glucagon

Question 15

Inhibits insulin secretion and causes stress

Answer 15

Epinephrine

Question 16

Increases plasma glucose by decreasing intestinal entry inti the cell and increasing gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, while decreasing glycogenesis

Answer 16

Glucocorticoids

Question 17

Decreases entry of glucose int the cells and increasing glycogenolysis

Answer 17

Growth hormone

Question 18

What does thyroxine do?

Answer 18

Increases plasma glucose by increasing glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal absorption of glucose

Question 19

Inhibits insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and other endocrine hormones

Answer 19

Somatostatin

Question 20

__________ is caused by an imbalance of hormones resulting to increased plasma glucose levels

Answer 20

Hyperglycemia

Question 21

A defect caused by insulin secretion, and insulin action characterized by increased plasma glucose levels

Answer 21

Diabetes mellitus

Question 22

What is Type 1 Diabetes mellitus?

Answer 22

B-cell destruction leading ti absolute insulin deficiency and development of autoantibodies with a tendency to develop ketoacidosis

Question 23

What is Type 2 Diabetes mellitus?

Answer 23

Insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect

Question 24

Result of rapid, T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of the B-cells of the pancreas, causing an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion most commonly seen in childhood and adolescence

Answer 24

Type 1 Diabetes

Question 25

Sign and symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 25

- Polydipsia (excessive thirst) - Polyphagia (increased food intake) - Rapid weight loss - hyperventilation - mental confusion - loss of consciousness

Question 26

Resistance results a relative, not an absolute, insulin deficiency. Occurs commonly in obese or patient with an increase percentage of body fat distribution in abdominal region

Answer 26

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 27

Normal fasting glucose

Answer 27

70-99 mg/dL (3.9-5.5 mmol/L)

Question 28

Involves decreased plasma glucose levels

Answer 28

Hypoglycemia

Question 29

Diagnosis of Hypoglycemia should be made of

Answer 29

Whipple Triad

Question 30

Tube top preferred for collecting a test for glucose measurement

Answer 30

Gray top (Sodium flouride)

Question 31

Most specific enzyme reacting with only B-D-glucose

Answer 31

Glucose oxidase

Question 32

A coupled reaction where oxygen is consumed and hydrogen peroxide is produced for the side reaction, whilst, Horseradish peroxidase is used to catalyze the second reaction

Answer 32

Trinder reaction

Question 33

It is more specific than Glucose oxidase and converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of ATP

Answer 33

Hexokinase

Question 34

_________ is the term used to describe the formation of a ________ compound produced when __________ reacts with the amino acid group of hemoglobin

Answer 34

Glycosylated hemoglobin, hemoglobin, glucose

Question 35

Normal value range for HbA1c

Answer 35

4.0%-6.0%

Question 36

Produced by the liver through metabolism of fatty acids to provide a ready energy source from stored lipids at times of low carbohydrate availability

Answer 36

Ketone bodies

Question 37

Renal threshold pf glucose measures up to

Answer 37

160-180 mg/dL