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BIOL 3051 (macromolecules) > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what sugar molecule is the most abundant

A

glucose

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2
Q

what is the formula for carbohydrates

A

Cn(H2O)n

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3
Q

carbohydrates are called ____ _______ aldehydes/ketones

A

poly hydroxy

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4
Q

what are monosaccharides? can they be broken down? and some examples

A

simplest sugar units that cant be broken down
ex. glucose, galactose, fructose

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5
Q

sucrose = __________ + __________
maltose = __________ + __________
lactose = __________ + __________

A

glucose + fructose
glucose + glucose
glucose + galactose

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6
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch (flour/potatoes) and cellulose (cotton/cell wall)

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7
Q

D = last OH on fischer proj _____
L = last OH on fishcher proj _____

A

D = right
L = left

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8
Q

what are epimers

A

sugars that differ config on only 1 C
(OH on right vs. OH on left on one of the C)

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9
Q

on a fischer projection which C are aldehydes/ketones on

A

aldehydes = C1
ketones = C2

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10
Q

amino sugar vs. deoxy sugar

A

amino sugar = OH replaced by NH2
deoxy sugar = OH replaced by H

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11
Q

anomeric carbon? for aldoses? for ketoses

A

carbons that are attached to 2 O atoms
aldoses = C1
ketoses = C2

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12
Q

D sugars (haworth)

L sugars (haworth)

A

a = OH down
b = OH up
CH2OH = up

a = OH up
b = OH down
CH2OH = down

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13
Q

what are anomers

A

the same sugar, different anomeric config

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14
Q

what is mutarotation and how does it occur

A

when sugars change their anomeric config in the presence of solvent/water. Occurs when sugars have hemiacetals (reducing ends)

ex. a —- b or b —- a

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15
Q

can glycosides undergo mutarotation

A

no they cant bc glycosides are acetals

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16
Q

naming sugar alcohols
D-glucose + NaBH4 =

A

D-glucitol

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17
Q

what do sugar alcohols have on the end of their structures

A

have 2 CH2OH, one on each end.

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18
Q

what reagent are sugar alcohols being reduced with

A

NaBH4

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19
Q

are meso compounds optically active and chiral

A

No

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20
Q

what do oxidizing agents do

A

convert aldehyde into COOH

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21
Q

oxidizing agent ex

A

Tollens Reagent

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22
Q

what does Tollens Reagent do

A

oxidizes aldehydes into COOH

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23
Q

sugars that react with oxidizing agents are called _______. The reagent is _______ and the sugar is ________.

A

reducing sugars

reagent = reduced
sugar = oxidized

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24
Q

Tollens test?

A
  • tests for aldehydes and hemiacetals
  • unreactive towards acetals (glycosides) and polysaccharides
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25
Q

Can ketoses like fructose react with Tollens Reagent

A

yes they can, only if they have a ene-diol interconversion. (ketone to aldehyde)

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26
Q

Unknown structure question

if sugar is unreactive towards Tollens Reagent, what does that mean? What type of linkage would this sugar have?

A

it means its a acetal so a glycoside

(a/b) 1-1 linkage

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27
Q

the acetal end is called the _______ end

A

non reducing

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28
Q

the hemiacetal end is called _________ reducing end

A

reducing end

29
Q

what is the anomeric effect

A

axial substiuents for EN groups (O,OH,F) in a-anomer, equatorial for EP groups (N)

ex. OH is down for a-anomer = axial

30
Q

what is the inverse anomeric effect

A

equatorial substituents for EN groups (O, OH, F) in b-anomer, axial for EP groups (N)

ex. OH is up for b-anomer = equatorial

31
Q

Solvent Effect?

polar solvent (h2o, dmso) = ________ forces
non polar solvent (CDCL3, THF) = _________ forces

A

intermolecular forces bc they can bind with solvent for stability.
Solvent - H - Sugar

intramolecular forces bc they cant h bond with solvent, they h bond with sugars for stability
Sugar - H - Sugar

32
Q

how to name glycosides/glycosidic linkages

A

(D/L) - sugarsyl - (a/b 1- ) - (D/L) - sugar(pyranose/furanose)

33
Q

what rxn breaks apart polysaccharides

A

hydrolysis

34
Q

what rxn makes di/polysaccharides

A

condensation/dehydration rxn

35
Q

what does sugar methylation do

A

protects the anomeric carbon from other rxns

36
Q

what does acetalation do to sugar alcohols

A

converts OH to OAc

pyranose on C1 and C5
furanose on C1 and C4

37
Q

glycosidases and example

A

enzymes that cleave specific sugars in glycosides

b-galactosidase = cleaves b-galactose

38
Q

what does dextran do

A

seperates polysaccharides into monosaccharides

39
Q

what linkage is starch made of

A

poly a(1-4) D-glucose links

40
Q

what are the 2 forms of starch

A

amylose (plants) and amylopectin (human foods)

41
Q

function of starch

A

energy storage unit and feul

42
Q

what linkage is amylose made of

A

poly a(1-4) D-glucose links

43
Q

function of amylose

A

energy storage unit in plants

44
Q

function of glycogen

A

energy storage unit in humans/animals

45
Q

what linkage is glycogen made of

A

poly a(1-4) + a(1-6) D-glucose links, more (1-6 links)

46
Q

What type of structure does amylose form

A

tightly coiled helical structure

47
Q

homopolysaccharide examples

A

starch, cellulose, chitan, chitosan

48
Q

heteropolysaccharide examples

A

peptidoglycans, GAGS, proteoglycans, glycolipids/lipopolysaccharides, glycoproteins

49
Q

function of cellulose

A

provides structure and rigidity to plant cell walls

50
Q

what linkage is cellulose made of

A

poly b(1-4) D-glucose links

51
Q

what is the structure of cellulose

A

formation of long fibers that stack onto each other through h bonding

52
Q

function of chitan

A

exoskelatal component of arthopods (insects, crabs, lobsters)

53
Q

what is the second most abundant polysaccharide

A

chitan

54
Q

what is the first most abundant polysaccharide

A

cellulose

55
Q

what linkage is chitan made of

A

poly b(1-4) N-acetylglucosamine NAG links

56
Q

what linkage is chitosan made of

A

deacytylated poly b(1-4) D-glucosamine links

57
Q

how is chitosan made

A

chitan + NAOH = chitosan

58
Q

function of peptidoglycans

A

structural component of bacterial cell wall

59
Q

what linkage are peptidoglycans made of

A

poly b(1-4) NAG and NAM

60
Q

what are GAGs made of

A

repeating disaccharide units of acetylated amino sugar + uronic acid

61
Q

where are GAGs found

A

ECM, specifically connective tissue

62
Q

what are proteoglycans made of

A

GAGs + proteins

63
Q

where are proteoglycans found

A

ECM, specifically connective tissue

64
Q

example of proteoglycan

A

hyaluronic acid

65
Q

function of proteoglycans

A

provides hydration and skin elasticity

66
Q

function of glycoprotiens

A

aids in cell-cell recognition and cell signalling

67
Q

structure of glycoproteins

A

oligosaccharide sugar + proteins

68
Q

Glycosylation
O-linked =
N-linked =

A

Serine/Threonine
Asparginine

BIOL 3051 (macromolecules) (3 decks)

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