carbohydrates

Question 1

what is ATP

Answer 1

adenotriphosphate
- form of energy
-formed when large carbohydrates molecules are broken down

Question 2

what is a protein monomer

Answer 2

amino acids

Question 3

what is a protein polymer

Answer 3

polypeptides

Question 4

what is a carbohydrate monomer

Answer 4

monosaccharide (simple sugars)

Question 5

what is a carbohyadrate polymer

Answer 5

polysaccharide

Question 6

what is a nucleic monomer

Answer 6

nucleotides

Question 7

what is a nucleic polymer

Answer 7

polynucleotides

Question 8

what do carbohydrates contain

Answer 8

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 9

what does the glucose molecule look like

Answer 9

draw molecule

Question 10

what is a disaccharide

Answer 10

two monosaccharides

Question 11

what are the functions of carbohydrates

Answer 11

• instant energy
• transportable, stoarble forms of energy
• structural materials

Question 12

examples of monosaccharides

Answer 12

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 13

examples of disaccharides

Answer 13

maltose, sucrose lactose

Question 14

how do you make maltose

Answer 14

alpha glucose + alpha glucose

Question 15

how do you make sucrose

Answer 15

glucose + fructose

Question 16

how do you make lactose

Answer 16

glucose + galactose

Question 17

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 17

starch, glycogen, cellulose,chitin

Question 18

how do you make starch

Answer 18

polymer of a glucose (amylose and amylopectin

Question 19

how do you make glycogen

Answer 19

polymer of alpha glucose

Question 20

how do you make cellulose

Answer 20

polymer of beta glucose

Question 21

how do you make chitin

Answer 21

polymer of glucosamine - glucose + amino acid

Question 22

what is a 3C sugar called

Answer 22

triose

Question 23

what is a 5C sugar called

Answer 23

pentose

Question 24

what is a 6C sugar called

Answer 24

hexose

Question 25

what are the two forms of glucose

Answer 25

alpha and beta

Question 26

how do you identify the diffence between alpha and beta glucose

Answer 26

alpha has the OH group below the ring of carbons whereas beta is above

Question 27

where is starch found

Answer 27

chloroplast stroma

Question 28

where is glycogen found

Answer 28

muscle cells

Question 29

where is cellulose found

Answer 29

plant cell wall

Question 30

where is chitin found

Answer 30

exoskeleton of athropods

Question 31

how is amylopectin adapted

Answer 31

has many potruding ends which can be hydrolysed rapidly- allows rapid energy release for respiration

Question 32

how is amylose adapted

Answer 32

structure forms a helix which forms a complex shape which allows tight packing and is an excellent storage molecule

Question 33

how is glycogen adapted

Answer 33

it has more branches of amylopectin and its even more compact - this allows faster hydrolysis than starch which is important as animals need emergency energy stores

Question 34

how is cellulos adapted

Answer 34

provides protection due to great mechanical strength from long unbranced structures

Question 35

how is cellulos a structural polysaccharide in plants

Answer 35

its resistent to enzyme hydrolysis due to hydrogen bonding preventing water from entering

Question 36

how is chitin adapted

Answer 36

its extremely resilient and tough due to presence of amino group causes even more hydrogen bonding between chains than cellulose

Question 37

what is formed in a condensation reaction

Answer 37

- larger molecules are formed - a new covalent bond is formed - a water molecule is removed

Question 38

what is formed in a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 38

- smaller molecules are formed - a covalent bond is broken - a water molecule is added

Question 39

what is the benefit of polysaccharides being insoluble and why

Answer 39

so they can remain inside the cell insoluble due to size and bonds

Question 40

how is cellulose permeable

Answer 40

due to the gaps between polysaccharide fibres

Question 41

what is the structure of cellulose

Answer 41

chains of beta glucose (1-4C) which form straight chains side by side, held in place by hydrogen bonds

Question 42

why is there gaps between fibres in cellulose

Answer 42

for diffusion of water, magnesium, calcium

Question 43

properties of chitin

Answer 43

strengthened by calcium carbonate waterproof/lightweight

Question 44

how to spot whether a molecule is chitin from a diagram

Answer 44

contains a nitrogen functional group